Understanding Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Rabies is an acute and highly fatal viral disease of the central nervous system, caused by Lyssavirus type 1. It is a zoonotic disease that affects warm-blooded animals such as dogs, cats, bats, racoons, skunks, and foxes. The disease is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of a rabid animal, although non-bite exposures can also occur. Prevention measures include wearing protective gear, pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis, and proper wound care. Treatment for rabies remains challenging, with supportive care being the mainstay approach due to the lack of established treatment options.
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RABIES RABIES
EPIDEMIOLOGY Acute rapid progressive & highly fatal viral disease of CNS caused by Lyssavirus type 1. Zoonotic disease of warm blooded animals (dogs, cats , bats, racoons, skunks, foxes ) Transmitted to man by bite of rabid animal. Non-bite exposures : aerosols; generated in labs , caves with bats , corneal transplantation. Human to human transmission extremely rare. Worldwide endemic canine rabies : 55,000 deaths annually ( India alone 20,000 ) Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux first developed rabies vaccine in 1885.
TREATMENT No established treatment. Isolation in quiet room ( as bright light , noise , cold draughts precipitates spasms / convulsions) Sedatives to relieve anxiety. Hydration. Intensive respiratory & cardiac support
PREVENTION Health personnel should wear face masks, gloves, goggles, & aprons (saliva, vomits, tears, urine or other body fluids of rabies patient contain virus ) Persons having bruises , cut or open wounds not entrusted to look after patient. Pre-exposure prophylaxis. Post exposure prophylaxis.
POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS Local wound care ( all bite wounds/scratches washed with soap and water ) reduces chances up to 80%. Devitalised tissues debrided. prophylaxis given. Suturing delayed( if necessary done after 24-48 hours later ) Antibiotic treatment whenever indicated. Active immunisation by Rabies vaccine. Passive immunisation by Human Rabies Immuno Globulins (HRIG ) Tetanus
