Understanding Flower Structures and Inflorescences in Plants

Oku o/kZu 1
Ikq"i
Basic Flower Structure
 
stigma
 
style
 
ovary
 
locule
 
ovule
 
carpel
 
gynoecium
 
pollen
 
anther
 
filament
 
stamen
 
androecium
 
petal
 
corolla
 
perianth
 
sepal
 
calyx
 
receptacle
 
pedicel
 
Perianth is complete
 
Flower is perfect
Flower is monoecious
Flowers may be attached to the plant in a few ways:-
If the flower has no stem but forms in the axil of a leaf, it is
called 
sessile.
When one flower is produced, the stem holding the flower
is called a 
peduncle.
The peduncle ends with groups of flowers, each stem that
holds a flower is called a 
pedicel.
The parts of a flower are arranged in whorls on the torus. The
four main parts or whorls (starting from the base of the flower
or lowest node and working upwards) are :
   
1. Calyx 2. Corolla 3. Androecium
 
 4. Gynoecium
PERFECT 
FLOWERS (Bisexual)
 
Individual flowers contain both male (stamens) and female
(pistil) reproductive structures.
 Majority species
IMPERFECT
 FLOWERS (Unisexual)
 
Either of Male or female reproductive organs missing.
 In
some species.
 
If an individual plant is either female or male the species is
regarded as 
Dioecious.
 
where unisexual male and female flowers appear on the same
plant, the species is considered 
Monoecious
.
INCOMPLETE FLOWERS
 
Missing one of the four major parts of the flower.
COMPLETE FLOWERS
 
 
 
Ovary Superior
Flower Hypogynous
Flower Perigynous
Flower Epigynous
Ovary Inferior
Ovary Half-Superior
Ovary Half-Inferior
I
I
N
N
F
F
L
L
O
O
R
R
E
E
S
S
C
C
E
E
N
N
C
C
E
E
An inflorescence can be defined as the shoot system which
An inflorescence can be defined as the shoot system which
serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified
serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified
accordingly.
accordingly.
The inflorescence form and position is important in 
The inflorescence form and position is important in 
routine
routine
identification 
identification 
as well as in the determination of 
as well as in the determination of 
phylogenetic
phylogenetic
relationships
relationships
.
.
Inflorescence types
Inflorescence types
Determinate (monotelic) inflorescences
Determinate (monotelic) inflorescences
Indeterminate (polytelic) inflorescences
Indeterminate (polytelic) inflorescences
D
D
e
e
t
t
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e
r
r
m
m
i
i
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a
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(
(
m
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)
I
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d
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r
r
m
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n
n
a
a
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(
(
p
p
o
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l
l
y
y
t
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e
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)
)
C
C
y
y
m
m
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s
s
 
 
 
 
m
m
o
o
s
s
t
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c
c
o
o
m
m
m
m
o
o
n
n
 
 
t
t
y
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p
p
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o
o
f
f
 
 
d
d
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m
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i
i
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f
f
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s
s
c
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n
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c
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s
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T
T
y
y
p
p
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o
o
f
f
 
 
C
C
y
y
m
m
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s
s
U
U
m
m
b
b
e
e
l
l
An inflorescence in which all of the flowers often have pedicels of approximately equal
An inflorescence in which all of the flowers often have pedicels of approximately equal
length that arise from a single region at the apex of the inflorescence axis.
length that arise from a single region at the apex of the inflorescence axis.
Determinate
Determinate
 
 
if the flowers open from the center first and then proceed to the
if the flowers open from the center first and then proceed to the
periphery.
periphery.
Indeterminate 
Indeterminate 
if the flowers open from the periphery first and then proceed to the
if the flowers open from the periphery first and then proceed to the
center.
center.
(
(
B
B
)
)
 
 
I
I
N
N
D
D
E
E
T
T
E
E
R
R
M
M
I
I
N
N
A
A
T
T
E
E
 
 
F
F
L
L
O
O
R
R
E
E
S
S
C
C
E
E
N
N
C
C
E
E
The growing point produces only lateral flowers or
The growing point produces only lateral flowers or
partial inflorescences (groups of flowers).
partial inflorescences (groups of flowers).
The flowering sequence usually starts at the base
The flowering sequence usually starts at the base
(or outside) of the cluster.
(or outside) of the cluster.
TYPES:
TYPES:
Racemes
Racemes
Spikes
Spikes
Corymb. Example - 
Corymb. Example - 
Coriander
Coriander
Panicle. Example - 
Panicle. Example - 
Lagerstroemia
Lagerstroemia
Capitulum. Example Sunflower
Capitulum. Example Sunflower
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
 
t
y
p
e
s
 
o
f
 
i
n
f
l
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
s
C
C
a
a
t
t
k
k
i
i
n
n
 
 
Any elongated inflorescence composed
Any elongated inflorescence composed
of numerous inconspicuous, usually
of numerous inconspicuous, usually
wind pollinated flowers.  Eg.. Willows,
wind pollinated flowers.  Eg.. Willows,
Mulberry
Mulberry
H
y
p
a
n
t
h
o
d
i
u
m
The receptacle becomes spherical with
a cavity inside. It opens to the outside
with a small opening. Numerous small
sessile flowers are produced from the
inner surface of the receptacle.e.g.
Ficus
/kU;okn
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Explore the intricate world of flower structures and inflorescences in plants, from the arrangement of floral parts like stigma, carpel, and stamen to the classification of perfect, imperfect, and incomplete flowers. Discover the various types of inflorescences and the significance of their form and position in plant identification and phylogenetic studies.


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  1. Oku o/kZu 1 Ikq"i

  2. Basic Flower Structure stigma carpel gynoecium Flower is perfect Flower is monoecious locule style pollen ovary ovule anther filament stamen androecium petal corolla sepal perianth receptacle calyx Perianth is complete pedicel

  3. Flowers may be attached to the plant in a few ways:- If the flower has no stem but forms in the axil of a leaf, it is called sessile. When one flower is produced, the stem holding the flower is called a peduncle. The peduncle ends with groups of flowers, each stem that holds a flower is called a pedicel. The parts of a flower are arranged in whorls on the torus. The four main parts or whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and working upwards) are : 1. Calyx 2. Corolla 3. Androecium 4. Gynoecium

  4. PERFECT FLOWERS (Bisexual) Individual flowers contain both male (stamens) and female (pistil) reproductive structures. Majority species IMPERFECT FLOWERS (Unisexual) Either of Male or female reproductive organs missing. In some species. If an individual plant is either female or male the species is regarded as Dioecious. where unisexual male and female flowers appear on the same plant, the species is considered Monoecious. INCOMPLETE FLOWERS Missing one of the four major parts of the flower. COMPLETE FLOWERS

  5. Ovary Superior Flower Hypogynous Ovary Half-Superior Flower Perigynous Ovary Half-Inferior Flower Epigynous Ovary Inferior

  6. INFLORESCENCE INFLORESCENCE An inflorescence can be defined as the shoot system which serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified accordingly. The inflorescence form and position is important in routine identification as well as in the determination of phylogenetic relationships. Inflorescence types Determinate (monotelic) inflorescences Indeterminate (polytelic) inflorescences

  7. Indeterminate ( Indeterminate (polytelic polytelic) ) Determinate ( Determinate (monotelic monotelic) )

  8. Cymes Cymes most common type of determinate inflorescences most common type of determinate inflorescences Types of Cymes

  9. Umbel Umbel An inflorescence in which all of the flowers often have pedicels of approximately equal length that arise from a single region at the apex of the inflorescence axis. Determinate if the flowers open from the center first and then proceed to the periphery. Indeterminate if the flowers open from the periphery first and then proceed to the center.

  10. (B) INDETERMINATE FLORESCENCE (B) INDETERMINATE FLORESCENCE The growing point produces only lateral flowers or partial inflorescences (groups of flowers). The flowering sequence usually starts at the base (or outside) of the cluster. TYPES: Racemes Spikes Corymb. Example - Coriander Panicle. Example - Lagerstroemia Capitulum. Example Sunflower

  11. Special types of Special types of inflorescences inflorescences

  12. Catkin Catkin Any elongated inflorescence composed of numerous inconspicuous, usually wind pollinated flowers. Eg.. Willows, Mulberry Hypanthodium Hypanthodium The receptacle becomes spherical with a cavity inside. It opens to the outside with a small opening. Numerous small sessile flowers are produced from the inner surface of the receptacle.e.g. Ficus

  13. /kU;okn

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