Towards a Circular and Climate-Neutral Society: Insights into Dutch Agriculture Transition

Towards Circulair and Climate Neutral Society
 
Saskia Visser
 
Input by: colleagues fro Wageningen-UR & TerraEnvision
 
Introduction to (agriculture in) the Netherlands
Circular agriculture
Transition
First steps towards (Examples)
Perspectives for action: Transition management
 
(Some Soil slides)
 
My talk
 
2
 
 by Unknown Author is licensed under 
CC BY-NC-NDThis Photo
The Netherlands
https://youtu.be/eUjWdS-z5AA
Dutch Agriculture
 
 
The Netherlands is the second largest exporter of agri-food products,
worldwide
12 R&D centres of the world’s top-40 food & beverages companies
are located in the Netherlands.
World largest auction for flowers and plant is located in Aalsmeer, the
Netherlands
Some figures
 
 
The Nitrogen crisis
 
Farmers protest
Strategy: 
Circular agriculture
 
8
 
A form of sustainable nature inclusive
agriculture in which the cycle of substances
is closed. This means that all substances that
disappear from an area as a result of
agriculture are also returned to that area.
 
De Boer, De Olde & Van Zanten,
2018
9
Circular Economy in AgriFood: Connected Circularity
 
Connects Agriculture, Nature and Food
Smart use of all produced biomass: as
product and revolving resources in a
connected circularity
Adding value to residual biomass as
revolving resource (Co-products)
Explicit on role of animals in food systems
Choices on land-use within the circular
systems
Has consequences for the human diets
Transition Processes & Management
Experiment
Acceleration
Emergence
Optimising
Business
as usual
Increase
 sense of 
urgency
Reduce
dependencies
Stabilization
Phase out
Institutio-
nalization
Reduce
relevance
Visser et al., 2019 after Loorbach et al, 2018
From Explorative Concepts to Viable Practice
 Dutch ambitions: circular agriculture
 
(related to soil & nutrients)
By 2030:
Use of fossil-based fertilisers and
pesticides is significantly
reduced/abandoned
Nutrients in both animal and human
excreta are more efficiently used in the
production circle
No more discharge of nutrients to
surface water.
All agricultural soils are sustainably
managed, with attention for
(soil)biodiversity.
Farmers have a good income
13
Soil Health indicators
BODEMTOP
Annual gathering of all Soil Stakeholders
WUR activities in Circular Agriculture
 
14
 
Test farms
Test farms
 
Educate professsionals
Educate professsionals
 
I
I
nnovation
nnovation
 
Farmer income
Farmer income
Open cultivation in Circular agriculture
 
Optimal use of arable land
Strips and New crops
Double purpose crops and rotations
Organic precision fertilization
Robust crops with healthy plants
Nature-inclusive cropping systems
Technology
 
16
 
1.21-1.58
 
I
n
t
e
r
c
r
o
p
 
s
y
s
t
e
m
 
LER
 
Wheat/maize
 
Wheat/soybean
 
F
a
b
a
 
b
e
a
n
/
m
a
i
z
e
 
Performance characterized by
Land Equivalent Ratio = sum of the relative yields
 
Y
i
: yield crop 
i
 in intercrop
M
i
: yield crop 
i
 in sole crop
 
LER = land area that would be needed as sole crops to
produce the same yield as a unit area of intercrop
 
1.23-1.26
 
1.13-1.34
 
Fang Gou, 2016
Crop
Diversity
works!
 
18
 
Beillouin et al 2019, DOI 10.1016/J.DIB.2019.103898
 
Biodiversity
 
Soil quality
 
Production
 
Croprotations
 
Agroforestry
 
Mixed cropping
 
Open cultivation in Circular Agriculture
19
 
Developments in Technology
Livestock in circular agriculture
 
Kernebeek, 2018
Climate research Livestock
 
Four  focus areas :
Demonstration en monitoring of CH
4
 emissions from
stables and outside manure storages (reference points)
Pilot- en demonstration projects of reducing techniques
Development of farm monitoring with sensors
Entheric methane emission: measuring variation
between animals
On Farm research:
21 locations in NL
 
22
 
Dairy
Goats
Veal calves
Pigs
 
Annemarie Groenestein- 2019
Circle of Nutrients:
 5R-Strategy for optimizing the nutrient balance
1.
Reduce
 nutrient inputs, where possible
2.
Reuse
 nutrients from organic residues (inc. manures)
3.
Recover
 nutrients from biomass waste streams
5.
Redefine
 systems, where needed
4.
Reduce 
nutrients losses to surface water
SYSTEMIC
 
Systemic
 
large-scale
 eco-
innovation
 to advance 
circular
economy 
and mineral recovery from 
organic waste 
in Europe
Demonstration plant Groot Zevert Digestion (NL)
Technical Innovation at demonstration plants
 
 
 
Downloads:
 (www.systemicproject.eu)
Technical Factsheets of demoplants
Newsletter of demoplants
 
27
 
Conclusions
It’s difficult to produce the precise quantities of animal-sourced
food in the EAT-LANCET diet.
In the EAT-LANCET diet, poultry was preferred from a health
perspective, but from a circularity perspective pork and (dairy)
beef are better suited to upcycle low opportunity cost biomass
into animal sourced food.
Including co-products from refined grains increased the scope
for poultry. But also increased land use.
GHG emissions and land use were lower in circular scenarios
compared to the EAT-LANCET reference scenario.
 
28
DID you know....?
 
Crushed feathers (chicken waste)
improve resilience of sugar beets
against soil pathogens
(Postma et al. 2021)
 
Potential of biomass streams from
food processing, retail and
catering, used for BSF production
yields could 
replace
 typically 50 to
75 kton soy-beans.
(Vellinga et al. 2021)
 
EU farmers have higher trust on
peers. Farmers 
build digital
relationships with other farmers to
form CoP. 
Change their practice
based on  information by
digital farmer influencers and
validated by their peers
(SoilCARE 2021)
Transition recommendations; beyond the pioneers
29
Many interventions have 
long-term
 busines effects.
Difficult
 to 
compensate
 for increased labor. 
Few
 circular
business options will “
Sell Themselves
”. Circular
innovations therefore require 
more policy management
than ordinary innovations.  
A number of business options
require 
regulatory changes
 
Hoes & de Lauwere; 2020, 2021
Hoes et al. 2021
Living labs
 are 
key
 in 
transition
processes 
in practice. 
Social
learning 
is the main function of
experiments
; yet 
there is a 
poor
exchange
 of ideas and solutions
between the experimental areas. Also,
the exchange of experiences 
to the
non-experimental 
areas has 
not
(yet) started
.
(Bouwma, 2021)
196
 pioneering farmers
have adopted the circular
principles, and proof it is
possible to be a sustainable
producer and earn a good
income
.
(Hoes and van Lauwere,
2020)
Transition management: actions
Experiment
Acceleration
Emergence
Optimising
Business
as usual
Corrective
barriers
Reduce
dependencies
Stabilization
Phase out
Institutiona-
lization
Reduce
relevance
Chaos
Visser et al., 2019 after Loorbach et al, 2018
Circular agriculture adds profits to climate and nature
Circular & Mitigation
Better use of residual flows for feed
Better use of manure for fertilization
Smarter use of fields and meadows
Capture carbon in soil and vegetation
Funding mechnism
 
 
P
ublic Private Collaborations
Finding Answers Together
 
33
34
What is your relationship with the Soil?
 
Soil has many functions
Good soil management is beneficial for everyone
" Little bit of action perspective for smart soil management”
 
35
We are not Kind for our soils
 
Manure vs Soil biodiversity
 
Soil compaction
 
Subsidence vs climate
 
Foto margot de Cleen
 
Foto Margot de Cleen
You don't know what you're missing until she's not
there...
 
36
 
Foto margot de Cleen
Vulnerabilities
37
Flood
Flooding
Soil erosion
Heat stress
Nature fire
Velp
Dieren
Rheden
Arnhem
System features landscape > city
38
Soil moisture
Superficial
runoff
Soil storage
GHG (summer)
 
grondwate
r
 
hangwater
 
< 100 mm/d
 
> 700 mm/d
A'
A
Strategy > measures
 
store
 
eliminate
Always sufficient soil
moisture
 
hold
Combat moisture
deficiency
Handelings-
perspectief
40
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Explore the transition towards a circular and climate-neutral society in the Netherlands, focusing on circular agriculture practices, sustainable nature-inclusive systems, and the challenges and strategies for achieving environmental goals. Learn about the role of agriculture in the circular economy, the nitrogen crisis, and the importance of connected circularity in agrifood sectors.


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  1. Towards Circulair and Climate Neutral Society Saskia Visser Input by: colleagues fro Wageningen-UR & TerraEnvision

  2. My talk Introduction to (agriculture in) the Netherlands Circular agriculture Transition First steps towards (Examples) Perspectives for action: Transition management (Some Soil slides) 2

  3. The Netherlands https://youtu.be/eUjWdS-z5AA

  4. Dutch Agriculture

  5. Some figures The Netherlands is the second largest exporter of agri-food products, worldwide 12 R&D centres of the world s top-40 food & beverages companies are located in the Netherlands. World largest auction for flowers and plant is located in Aalsmeer, the Netherlands

  6. The Nitrogen crisis Farmers protest

  7. Strategy: Circular agriculture A form of sustainable nature inclusive agriculture in which the cycle of substances is closed. This means that all substances that disappear from an area as a result of agriculture are also returned to that area. 8

  8. De Boer, De Olde & Van Zanten, 2018 9

  9. Circular Economy in AgriFood: Connected Circularity P, N Connects Agriculture, Nature and Food Smart use of all produced biomass: as product and revolving resources in a connected circularity Adding value to residual biomass as revolving resource (Co-products) Explicit on role of animals in food systems Choices on land-use within the circular systems Has consequences for the human diets

  10. Transition Processes & Management Optimising Business as usual Stabilization Increase sense of urgency Institutio- nalization Reduce dependencies Emergence Reduce relevance Acceleration Experiment Phase out Visser et al., 2019 after Loorbach et al, 2018

  11. From Explorative Concepts to Viable Practice

  12. Dutch ambitions: circular agriculture (related to soil & nutrients) Soil Health indicators By 2030: Use of fossil-based fertilisers and pesticides is significantly reduced/abandoned Nutrients in both animal and human excreta are more efficiently used in the production circle No more discharge of nutrients to surface water. All agricultural soils are sustainably managed, with attention for (soil)biodiversity. Farmers have a good income BODEMTOP Annual gathering of all Soil Stakeholders 13

  13. WUR activities in Circular Agriculture Innovation Test farms Farmer income Educate professsionals 14

  14. Open cultivation in Circular agriculture Optimal use of arable land Strips and New crops Double purpose crops and rotations Organic precision fertilization Robust crops with healthy plants Nature-inclusive cropping systems Technology

  15. 16

  16. Performance characterized by Land Equivalent Ratio = sum of the relative yields Y Y Yi: yield crop i in intercrop Mi: yield crop i in sole crop = + LER 1 2 M M 1 2 Intercropsystem LER 1.21-1.58 1.23-1.26 1.13-1.34 Wheat/maize Wheat/soybean Fababean/maize LER = land area that would be needed as sole crops to produce the same yield as a unit area of intercrop Fang Gou, 2016

  17. Production Soil quality Biodiversity Croprotations Crop Diversity works! Agroforestry Beillouin et al 2019, DOI 10.1016/J.DIB.2019.103898 Mixed cropping 18

  18. Open cultivation in Circular Agriculture 45 Wheat Maize strips 40 Territoria per 100ha 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Gele Kwikstaart Grey Wacktail Graspieper Lapwing Meadow pipet Oister catcher Skylark Kievit Scholekster Veldleeuwerik Demonstratie gebied (444ha) Strokenteelt Strip cultivation Referentiegebied (454ha) Reference area (454ha) Demonstration area (444ha) 19

  19. Developments in Technology

  20. Livestock in circular agriculture Kernebeek, 2018

  21. Climate research Livestock Four focus areas : Demonstration en monitoring of CH4 emissions from stables and outside manure storages (reference points) Pilot- en demonstration projects of reducing techniques Development of farm monitoring with sensors Entheric methane emission: measuring variation between animals On Farm research: 21 locations in NL Dairy Goats Veal calves Pigs 22 Annemarie Groenestein- 2019

  22. Circle of Nutrients: 5R-Strategy for optimizing the nutrient balance 1. Reduce nutrient inputs, where possible 2. Reuse nutrients from organic residues (inc. manures) 3. Recover nutrients from biomass waste streams 4. Reduce nutrients losses to surface water 5. Redefine systems, where needed

  23. SYSTEMIC Systemiclarge-scale eco-innovation to advance circular economy and mineral recovery from organic waste in Europe

  24. Demonstration plant Groot Zevert Digestion (NL)

  25. Technical Innovation at demonstration plants Feedstocks Pig manure Poultry litter Sewage sludge Energy crops Agro-industrial residues Innovative Technologies Reverse Osmosis (RO) Evaporation N-stripping P-stripping End Products Biogas NK concentrates (NH4)2SO4fertiliser Struvite & Ca phosphate Organic fertilisers and soil improvers Organic fibres Downloads: (www.systemicproject.eu) Technical Factsheets of demoplants Newsletter of demoplants

  26. Conclusions It s difficult to produce the precise quantities of animal-sourced food in the EAT-LANCET diet. In the EAT-LANCET diet, poultry was preferred from a health perspective, but from a circularity perspective pork and (dairy) beef are better suited to upcycle low opportunity cost biomass into animal sourced food. Including co-products from refined grains increased the scope for poultry. But also increased land use. GHG emissions and land use were lower in circular scenarios compared to the EAT-LANCET reference scenario. 27

  27. DID you know....? EU farmers have higher trust on Crushed feathers (chicken waste) Potential of biomass streams from peers. Farmers build digital improve resilience of sugar beets food processing, retail and relationships with other farmers to against soil pathogens catering, used for BSF production form CoP. Change their practice yields could replace typically 50 to based on information by (Postma et al. 2021) 75 kton soy-beans. digital farmer influencers and validated by their peers (Vellinga et al. 2021) (SoilCARE 2021) 28

  28. Transition recommendations; beyond the pioneers Income from Milk+ Income for environ mental services + Income Cost - Living labs are key in transition processes in practice. Social learning is the main function of experiments; yet there is a poor exchange of ideas and solutions between the experimental areas. Also, the exchange of experiences to the non-experimental areas has not (yet) started. (Bouwma, 2021) 196 pioneering farmers have adopted the circular principles, and proof it is possible to be a sustainable producer and earn a good income. Many interventions have long-term busines effects. Difficult to compensate for increased labor. Few circular business options will Sell Themselves . Circular innovations therefore require more policy management than ordinary innovations. A number of business options require regulatory changes (Hoes and van Lauwere, 2020) 29 Hoes & de Lauwere; 2020, 2021 Hoes et al. 2021

  29. Transition management: actions Increasing sense of urgency and pressure for change Optimising Business as usual Break existing structures Stabilization Corrective barriers Institutiona- lization Reduce dependencies Formalise direction Challenge the existing order Mobilise means Chaos Steering break down, adjustment and phasing out. Emergence Reduce relevance Acceleration Connect and Structure Experiment Phase out Experimental space including scaling Visser et al., 2019 after Loorbach et al, 2018

  30. Circular agriculture adds profits to climate and nature Circular & Mitigation Better use of residual flows for feed Better use of manure for fertilization Smarter use of fields and meadows Capture carbon in soil and vegetation

  31. Funding mechnism Public Private Collaborations Society Government Knowledge institutions Business commity

  32. Finding Answers Together 33

  33. What is your relationship with the Soil? Soil has many functions Good soil management is beneficial for everyone " Little bit of action perspective for smart soil management 34

  34. We are not Kind for our soils Subsidence vs climate Soil compaction Manure vs Soil biodiversity 35 Foto margot de Cleen Foto Margot de Cleen

  35. You don't know what you're missing until she's not there... Foto margot de Cleen 36

  36. Vulnerabilities Flood Flooding Dieren Soil erosion Heat stress Nature fire Rheden Velp 37 Arnhem

  37. System features landscape > city A' A Soil moisture grondwate r hangwater Superficial runoff < 100 mm/d Soil storage GHG (summer) > 700 mm/d 38

  38. Strategy > measures Handelings- perspectief store hold Combat moisture deficiency eliminate Always sufficient soil moisture

  39. All soils / land perform all functions but different parts of the land(scape) are better at delivering different functions 40

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