Theory of Citizenship and Welsh Government Policy Links
undefined
Objectives:
•
Introduction to the theory of citizenship
•
Identification of links between citizenship and
Welsh Government policy
undefinedParliamentary Review of Health and
Social Care in Wales
(Welsh Government, 2018)
The review had Terms of Reference (i.e. the scope and
boundaries of a review) to:
-
Define the key issues facing health and social care
-
Identify where change is needed and the case for change
- Set out the vision for the future including moving health and
social care forward together, developing Primary Care
services out of hospitals
- Advise on how change can be delivered, building on the
positive aspects of the current system
The parliamentary review report
(Welsh Government, 2018, p.6)
Has called for:
-
One
system of seamless health and care for Wales
-
A ‘Quadruple aim’ to:
a. improve population health and wellbeing through a
focus on prevention
b. improve the experience and quality of care for
individuals and families
c. enrich the wellbeing, capability and engagement of
the health and social care workforce
d. increase the value achieved from funding of health
and care through improvement, innovation,
use of best practice, and eliminating waste
Citizenship through co-production and mutual respect
between social care and health organisations and
individuals is seen to be essential to achieving this
vision within the review.
Parliamentary Review of Health and
Social Care in Wales (2018)
Please read pp. 8-9 which is
a summary of ten recommendations in the report.
Where are ‘citizens’ mentioned in the
recommendations and what should citizens do?
What other terms are used in relation to
citizens?
We will now look at the theory of
citizenship and how it will
always be debated in society
Your thoughts?
•
What is a citizen?
•
What is citizenship?
Citizen:
•
Inhabitant or resident
•
Context specific, e.g. Home Office guidance “British
citizenship gives you the opportunity to participate
more fully in the life of your local community”
(Home Office, 2018, p. 3)
•
Being a citizen of the UK gives you an ability to vote,
a sense of identity, an ability to work and
deliver services – and to access services
Citizenship
(Home Office, 2018)
•
There are residence requirements.
•
You are expected to have good character (i.e. no
criminal convictions, civil proceedings, cautions,
warnings or reprimands).
•
This is the basis of you living in the UK.
But
citizenship goes deeper
than that.....
Citizenship can be defined as the
relationship between an individual, his or
her community and ultimately the
government (including others in power),
but also as a member of a society or
political community.
(Dwyer, 2004; Rummery and Fine, 2012; Larkins, 2014;
Clarke
et al.
2014)
Citizenship can be seen to evolve
from a history of different political
ideologies (thoughts and beliefs)
and debates about the role that
the government should play in
people’s lives – this is ongoing.
This links with wider ongoing
academic and social debates about
relationships between individuals
and their society, for example:
-
What makes a good citizen?
-
Why is citizenship important?
-
What role does power have?
An example of a political ideology
that has influenced ideas on citizenship
is individualism – arguments are:
•
We should leave it to individuals to make the most of the
capitalist system – those who succeed pay corporation and
personal tax benefiting society as a whole and so what’s the
problem?
•
Wage regulation and welfare provision result in an over-reliance
on the State (government).
•
An example of this political ideology is the ‘New Right’
Conservative government 1979-1997.
Another example of a political ideology
that has influenced ideas on citizenship
is collectivism – arguments are:
•
This supports the values of fraternity (common purpose),
liberty and equality which are believed to support the full
productive potential of society.
•
Universal benefits are one means of addressing inequalities
perpetuated by the market (capitalism).
•
An example of this political ideology is the Labour party and
Liberal party.
Question
What do you think might
be the main criticisms of
these two political
ideologies?
Main criticisms of
individualism
•
Not everyone starts from an equal position
– think of disadvantage and discrimination.
•
Market forces do not guarantee positive
outcomes – think about the past world banking
crisis.
•
Capitalism can support exploitation hence
government intervention, e.g. legislation on
health and safety in the workplace and the
minimum wage to protect against exploitation.
Main criticisms of
collectivism
•
This can result in individuals exploiting State
provision – it creates a situation where some
people who do not want to work (as opposed to
who cannot work) can occupy this position
because of support from the State (funded by
tax payers money).
•
Collectivism does not respect or promote
the autonomy (independence) of individuals
to determine their individual pathway.
Welsh Government policy
•
There has been a rejection of market forces,
e.g. social care and health (citizen in Wales
and consumer in England).
•
Welsh Government policy equates citizenship
with voice, control and a reciprocal (two way)
relationship between citizens and the State;
and between service providers and
individuals (service users).
Welsh Government policy
•
There is a view that citizenship
ensures participation and inclusion
of all members of society and that
services should be seamless and
integrated as an appropriate
response to citizens’ needs and
aspirations.
(Welsh Assembly Government, 2006; Welsh Government,
2014, 2018)
Citizenship is about:
•
Voice and control
•
Individuals (the service user movement)
•
Political ideologies
Rights
and
responsibilities – it’s about what
you are entitled to expect from society but also
what you are expected to contribute.
(Fitzpatrick, 2005; Flynn, 2012; Rummery and Fine, 2012; Clarke
et al.
2014; Larkins, 2014)
The implications of the citizenship
model for social care and health services
•
The citizenship model requires citizens to be
at the centre of service delivery that is
integrated and seamless as opposed to fitting
around services that are fragmented and
confusing.
•
Citizens should expect to have a voice and
choice in how their services are delivered.
(Welsh Assembly Government, 2006; Welsh Government, 2014, 2018)
Some examples of citizenship
in practice
Welsh Government policy (Welsh Assembly
Government, 2006; Welsh Government,
2014, 2018) continues to support a citizenship
framework and this can be seen in its
support for the following practices:
•
Service integration (seamless services)
•
Advocacy
•
Co-production
References
Clarke, J., Coll, K., Dagnino, E. and Neveu, C. (2014)
Disputing citizenship.
DOAB Directory of Open Access Books
[Online]. Available at:
https://doabooks.org/
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Dwyer, P. (2004)
Understanding social citizenship: themes and perspectives for
policy and practice.
Bristol: Policy Press.
Fitzpatrick, T. (2005)
New theories of welfare.
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New
York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Flynn, N. (2012)
Public sector management.
6
th
edn. London: SAGE.
Home Office (2018)
Naturalisation as a British citizen: a guide for applicants.
Available at:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_
data/file/739936/AN_Guide_-_September_2018_Final.pdf
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Larkins, C. (2014) ‘Enacting children’s citizenship: Developing
understandings of how children enact themselves as citizens through
actions and acts of citizenship’,
Childhood,
21(1), pp. 7–21.
SAGE Premier
[Online].
Available at:
https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/sage-premier
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
References
Rummery, K. and Fine, M. (2012) ‘
Care: A Critical Review of Theory, Policy and
Practice’,
Social Policy & Administration, 46(3), pp.321-343.
Wiley Online
[Online]. Available at: [Online]. Available at:
https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/sage-premier
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Welsh Assembly Government (2006)
Beyond boundaries: ciizen-centred local
services for Wales.
Available at:
http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/documents/829/WAG%20-
%20Beyond%20Boundaries%20%28Beecham%20Review%29%202006.PDF
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Welsh Government (2014)
Commission on public service governance and
delivery: summary report
.
Available at:
http://gov.wales/docs/dpsp/publications/psgd/140120-psgd-summary-report-en.pdf
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Welsh Government (2018)
Parliamentary review final report – a revolution
from within: transforming health and care in Wales.
Available at:
http://gov.wales/topics/health/nhswales/review/?lang=en
(Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Understanding citizenship theory and its connection to Welsh Government policies is essential for promoting a seamless health and care system in Wales. The parliamentary review emphasizes the importance of citizen involvement, co-production, and mutual respect between individuals and health organizations to achieve improved health outcomes and workforce engagement.
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Presentation Transcript
Objectives: Introduction to the theory of citizenship Identification of links between citizenship and Welsh Government policy
Parliamentary Review of Health and Social Care in Wales (Welsh Government, 2018) The review had Terms of Reference (i.e. the scope and boundaries of a review) to: Define the key issues facing health and social care - Identify where change is needed and the case for change - - Set out the vision for the future including moving health and social care forward together, developing Primary Care services out of hospitals - Advise on how change can be delivered, building on the positive aspects of the current system
The parliamentary review report (Welsh Government, 2018, p.6) Has called for: One system of seamless health and care for Wales - A Quadruple aim to: - a. improve population health and wellbeing through a focus on prevention b. improve the experience and quality of care for individuals and families
c. enrich the wellbeing, capability and engagement of the health and social care workforce d. increase the value achieved from funding of health and care through improvement, innovation, use of best practice, and eliminating waste Citizenship through co-production and mutual respect between social care and health organisations and individuals is seen to be essential to achieving this vision within the review.
Parliamentary Review of Health and Social Care in Wales (2018) Please read pp. 8-9 which is a summary of ten recommendations in the report. Where are citizens mentioned in the recommendations and what should citizens do? What other terms are used in relation to citizens?
We will now look at the theory of citizenship and how it will always be debated in society Your thoughts? What is a citizen? What is citizenship?
Citizen: Inhabitant or resident Context specific, e.g. Home Office guidance British citizenship gives you the opportunity to participate more fully in the life of your local community (Home Office, 2018, p. 3) Being a citizen of the UK gives you an ability to vote, a sense of identity, an ability to work and deliver services and to access services
Citizenship (Home Office, 2018) There are residence requirements. You are expected to have good character (i.e. no criminal convictions, civil proceedings, cautions, warnings or reprimands). This is the basis of you living in the UK.
But citizenship goes deeper than that..... Citizenship can be defined as the relationship between an individual, his or her community and ultimately the government (including others in power), but also as a member of a society or political community. (Dwyer, 2004; Rummery and Fine, 2012; Larkins, 2014; Clarke et al. 2014)
Citizenship can be seen to evolve from a history of different political ideologies (thoughts and beliefs) and debates about the role that the government should play in people s lives this is ongoing.
This links with wider ongoing academic and social debates about relationships between individuals and their society, for example: - What makes a good citizen? - Why is citizenship important? - What role does power have?
An example of a political ideology that has influenced ideas on citizenship is individualism arguments are: We should leave it to individuals to make the most of the capitalist system those who succeed pay corporation and personal tax benefiting society as a whole and so what s the problem? Wage regulation and welfare provision result in an over-reliance on the State (government). An example of this political ideology is the New Right Conservative government 1979-1997.
Another example of a political ideology that has influenced ideas on citizenship is collectivism arguments are: This supports the values of fraternity (common purpose), liberty and equality which are believed to support the full productive potential of society. Universal benefits are one means of addressing inequalities perpetuated by the market (capitalism). An example of this political ideology is the Labour party and Liberal party.
Question What do you think might be the main criticisms of these two political ideologies?
Main criticisms of individualism Not everyone starts from an equal position think of disadvantage and discrimination. Market forces do not guarantee positive outcomes think about the past world banking crisis. Capitalism can support exploitation hence government intervention, e.g. legislation on health and safety in the workplace and the minimum wage to protect against exploitation.
Main criticisms of collectivism This can result in individuals exploiting State provision it creates a situation where some people who do not want to work (as opposed to who cannot work) can occupy this position because of support from the State (funded by tax payers money). Collectivism does not respect or promote the autonomy (independence) of individuals to determine their individual pathway.
Welsh Government policy There has been a rejection of market forces, e.g. social care and health (citizen in Wales and consumer in England). Welsh Government policy equates citizenship with voice, control and a reciprocal (two way) relationship between citizens and the State; and between service providers and individuals (service users).
Welsh Government policy There is a view that citizenship ensures participation and inclusion of all members of society and that services should be seamless and integrated as an appropriate response to citizens needs and aspirations. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2006; Welsh Government, 2014, 2018)
Citizenship is about: Voice and control Individuals (the service user movement) Political ideologies Rights and responsibilities it s about what you are entitled to expect from society but also what you are expected to contribute. (Fitzpatrick, 2005; Flynn, 2012; Rummery and Fine, 2012; Clarke et al. 2014; Larkins, 2014)
The implications of the citizenship model for social care and health services The citizenship model requires citizens to be at the centre of service delivery that is integrated and seamless as opposed to fitting around services that are fragmented and confusing. Citizens should expect to have a voice and choice in how their services are delivered. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2006; Welsh Government, 2014, 2018)
Some examples of citizenship in practice Welsh Government policy (Welsh Assembly Government, 2006; Welsh Government, 2014, 2018) continues to support a citizenship framework and this can be seen in its support for the following practices: Service integration (seamless services) Advocacy Co-production
References Clarke, J., Coll, K., Dagnino, E. and Neveu, C. (2014) Disputing citizenship. DOAB Directory of Open Access Books [Online]. Available at: https://doabooks.org/ (Accessed: 1 February 2019). Dwyer, P. (2004) Understanding social citizenship: themes and perspectives for policy and practice. Bristol: Policy Press. Fitzpatrick, T. (2005) New theories of welfare. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Flynn, N. (2012) Public sector management. 6th edn. London: SAGE. Home Office (2018) Naturalisation as a British citizen: a guide for applicants. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/739936/AN_Guide_-_September_2018_Final.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2019). Larkins, C. (2014) Enacting children s citizenship: Developing understandings of how children enact themselves as citizens through actions and acts of citizenship , Childhood, 21(1), pp. 7 21. SAGE Premier [Online]. Available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/sage-premier (Accessed: 1 February 2019).
References Rummery, K. and Fine, M. (2012) Care: A Critical Review of Theory, Policy and Practice , Social Policy & Administration, 46(3), pp.321-343. Wiley Online [Online]. Available at: [Online]. Available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/sage-premier (Accessed: 1 February 2019). Welsh Assembly Government (2006) Beyond boundaries: ciizen-centred local services for Wales. Available at: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/documents/829/WAG%20- %20Beyond%20Boundaries%20%28Beecham%20Review%29%202006.PDF (Accessed: 1 February 2019). Welsh Government (2014) Commission on public service governance and delivery: summary report.Available at: http://gov.wales/docs/dpsp/publications/psgd/140120-psgd-summary-report-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2019). Welsh Government (2018) Parliamentary review final report a revolution from within: transforming health and care in Wales. Available at: http://gov.wales/topics/health/nhswales/review/?lang=en (Accessed: 1 February 2019).
