The Roaring Twenties: Politics and Social Issues in 1920s America
The 1920s in America marked a period of significant political and social change. The nation saw a return to conservatism and isolationism after World War I, with the Republican Party in control. Nativism was on the rise, leading to restrictive immigration laws and controversial events like the Sacco and Vanzetti case. The Ku Klux Klan experienced a resurgence, promoting nativist and anti-immigrant sentiments. President Warren Harding's administration focused on laissez-faire policies and attempts at disarmament. Overall, the era was a mix of economic prosperity and cultural conflicts.
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The End of Progressivism Remember that at the end of The Great War Americans were ready to return to their isolationist and conservative roots The Republican party came back very conservatively after the Bull Moose Party split The Republican party controlled the White House in the 1920s
Nativism in the 1920s Old Stock Americans saw the seeds of sedition ( like socialism & anarchism) with the foreign-born Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 The Immigration Act of 1924 These laws favored immigrants from northern and Western Europe
Nativism & Sacco and Vanzetti May 5, 1920 they were arrested for killing two men and stealing $16,000 Both were Italian-born anarchists They were sentenced to death & executed Even though there was doubt as to their guilt
Nativism & the Ku Klux Klan The New Klan wanted 100% Americanism Membership restricted to native-born, white Protestants (WASP) They were against African Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews, & immigrants At its peak in 1924, it had 4 million members
Harding said the nation needed to return to normalcy After World War I most Americans were weary of Wilson s crusading idealism & wanted isolationism There was a post-war recession 1919-1922 Harding favored laissez-faire policies Hawley-Smoot Tariff Lower Taxes on Wealthy and Corporations Lax Enforcement of Antitrust Laws and Regulations President Warren Harding
Attempts at Disarmament & To Outlaw War Harding sponsored the Washington Navel Conference and US membership in the World Court Five-Power Treaty (1922) Four-Power Treaty Nine-Power Treaty The Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928 The Kellogg-Briand Signing
Harding to Silent Cal One thing that Harding was a visionary during this era was Civil Rights Harding dies in 1923 due to food poisoning Calvin Coolidge was able to keep clear of the scandals that hurt the Harding Administration
The 1924 Presidential Election Republican Calvin Coolidge won the election by keeping focus on La Follette b/c he was a communistic & socialist treat to the U.S. Democrats finally got behind John W. Davis, after 103 ballots at their convention The Progressive Party and the Socialist parties both nominated Robert M. La Follette He received more votes than any other 3rd party
The Growing Consumerism of the 1920s Home Entertainment was bolstered by the huge growth of the radio People of the 1920s also bought a large number of automobiles & home appliances Americans also went to motion pictures like never before in the 1920s
Airplanes & Automobiles Wright Brothers in Kitty Hawk NC 1903 Airplanes in WWI and the airmail Charles A. Lindbergh & Amelia Earhart Auto invented in 1895 but Ford makes cars affordable because of the moving assembly line Lindbergh Ford
The Business of Farming During the 1920s, agriculture remained the weakest sector in the economy There was massive overproduction Most farmers were struggling to survive Congress passed the McNary-Haugen Bill twice but Coolidge vetoed it twice
Setback for the Unions With the Conservatives back in the White House and the progressives out of power Unions faired poorly During this time labor unions lost about 1.5 million members The Gastonia Strike of 1929
Presidential Election of 1928 Democrat Al Smith New Yorker & Catholic Republican Herbert Hoover Protestant
The Scopes Trail a.k.a. The Monkey Trail Teacher John Scopes went against state law and tough evolution William Jennings Bryan took his religious- fundamentalism & made it a crusade against evolution The result of the trail in Tennessee was that Scopes was guilty Clarence Darrow & W.J. Bryan
The Anti-Saloon League & Prohibition By the 1910s the Anti- Saloon League had become one of the most effective pressure groups in U.S. History Prohibition had a racist element against Germans and Italians They wanted to police the behavior of the poor, the foreign-born, and the working class
Prohibition & the Rise of Organized Crime Prohibition did not give birth to Organized Crime however, it did give criminals a huge source of new income The rise of Speakeasies, bootlegging, hip flasks, and cocktail parties Most celebrated gangster was Al Capone Al Capone
The Roaring 20s:The Jazz Age F. Scott Fitzgerald called the postwar era the Jazz Age b/c young people were willing to experiment Jazz blended African and European musical traditions This new music bubbled up from New Orleans to K.C., Memphis, NY, & Chicago
The New Morality The guardians of morality or the old timers were in shock b/c of this Jazz Age Fitzgerald wrote about petting parties Other writers informed the nation about the new woman w/ bobbed hair, heavy makeup, skirts above the ankle and smoke and drank Flappers
The Great Migration The movement of southern Blacks to the North began in 1915- 1916 w/ the expanding war industries The legal restrictions on immigration continued the movement in the 1920s In the 1910s 323,000 blacks moved North In the 1920s 615,000 blacks moved North
The Universal Negro Improvement Association Was lad by Marcus Garvey Garvey told African Americas to liberate themselves from white culture Garvey declared blacks should go to Africa and start their own republic Many of Garvey s ideas would reemerge later under the slogan of black power
