The Rise and Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
1799-1815
1769-born in Corsica
Attended military school in
France
Joins army of the National
Assembly
Becomes general of the
French Army by Directory
in 1799.
“savior of the Republic” after
successful cannonade to ward
off conservatives
Coup d’etat=
stroke the state
November 9, 1799
Napoleon uses his military
prestige and success to
overthrow the Directory
Believed the Directory
to be corrupt and not
interested in promoted
the betterment of
French welfare
November 10, 1799- French Consulate in place
3 leaders called Consuls
1
st
Consul- Napoleon Bonaparte
2
nd
Consul- Napoleon’s brother Lucien Bonaparte
3
rd
Consul-former Director- Sieyes
Napoleon drafts a new constitution
naming him as 1
st
consul of France
for life…unbeknownst to the other consuls
Plebiscite= vote of YES or NO on specific question
1800- plebiscite votes YES-1
st
Consul of France
1802-plebiscite votes YES-1
st
Consul of France for life
1804-plebiscite votes YES-
EMPEROR OF FRANCE
December 2, 1804
Napoleon’s
Coronation
at
Notre Dame
Cathedral
He crowns himself
-big controversy-
WHY??
Makes good and lasting changes to economy, society,
and religion.
Enlightened but
did limit some rights
as well.
Reforms focused on four areas:
Economic Order
Social Order
Religious Order
Legal Order
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Welcomed émigrés (nobles) back on good behavior
Promoted officials by merit not nobility
Set up Lycees (public schools)
Establish CONCORDAT
New relationship b/w church and state
Allowed freedom of religion
Promoted Catholicism as “great majority” and “true”
religion of France
Eliminated any political control of Pope
Established the Napoleonic Code of Laws
Set of 101 new laws establishing strong sense of law and
order
Many laws still in use today
Equality under the law
Censured newspapers
Reduced women’s rights
Restored slavery in French Colonies
Military genius
Expert in use of artillery
Developed innovative artillery strategy still in use
today
Father of modern artillery warfare
Napoleon quickly forced his power across Europe
Battle of Austerlitz-December 1805
Invades Austria
Forces emperor to make peace and forms alliance
Battle of Jena-October 1806
Invades Prussia
Forces King to make peace and forms alliance
Battle of Friedland: June 1807
Fought in Poland
Against Russians
Forces Czar Alex I to the bargaining table
PEACE OF TILSIT
Napoleon can have western ½ of Poland and all of Europe
Alex I can have eastern ½ of Poland and all Ottoman Empire
Peaceful coexistence
Non-aggression Pact
Battle of Trafalgar: October 1805
Massive naval battle against British Royal Navy
GB lead by Admiral Horatio Nelson
Fought off coast of Spain
Big loss for Napoleon
Nelson shot by sniper and dies moments after hearing
the British won
This loss sets Napoleon on a obsessive mission to “get”
Great Britain
he becomes blinded by success and makes three
decisive mistakes…
1. Continental System
2. The Peninsular War
3. Invasion of Russia
1806
GOAL: to make Europe self-sufficient from GB
Blockaded GB goods into Europe
GB blockades back
European economy suffers
Causes War of 1812
1808-1813
Goal: Make brother Joe King of Spain and take
Portugal from GB
Spanish guerrillas fight in the name of NATIONALISM
Napoleon never gets Portugal and Joe never gets the
crown
Napoleon losses 300,000 men
June, 1812
GOAL:
quickly
take Russia as punishment for
breaking Continental System
Invades with Grand Army of 400,000 men
Scorched-earth policy sucks him in
Never get Russia
December, 1812-Returns with 10,000 men
Beginning of the end for Napoleon
Europe has Napoleon at his weakest and decide to
attack
Grand Alliance takes him on and wins
Exiled to Elba, but returns; Last 100 days
Finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by
Wellington
Exiled again…but much further away—St. Helena
Dies on the island in 1821
Why don’t they just kill’em?
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
AGENDA: Restore order and
stability in Europe
4 weeks of meetings turned into 8
months
Ring Leader and Host
Klemens von Metternich –
Foreign Minister of Austria
Put down the “Experiments of
Democracy”
Major conservative
Wants to restore all rightful
monarchs to the throne
3 Major Goals
1.
Encirclement of France
Strengthen countries around France
Prevent French aggression
2.
Balance of Power
Strengthen weaker countries to offset France’s size and
power
3.
Legitimacy
Restore the monarchies deposed by Napoleon
Uphold conservative political ideals
1.
Great Britain
2.
Austrian Empire
3.
Prussia
4.
Russia
5.
France
Was it right to keep France a great power?
Napoleon Bonaparte's ascent to power from military general to Emperor of France during the Napoleonic Era marked by coups, reforms, and controversial coronation. His reign brought significant reforms to economy, society, and religion, focusing on economic stability, social order, religious freedoms, and legal changes. Despite controversies, his impact on France and Europe was profound.
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Presentation Transcript
The Napoleonic Era 1799-1815
Napoleon Bonparte 1769-born in Corsica Attended military school in France Joins army of the National Assembly Becomes general of the French Army by Directory in 1799. savior of the Republic after successful cannonade to ward off conservatives
Coup d'etat Coup d etat=stroke the state November 9, 1799 Napoleon uses his military prestige and success to overthrow the Directory Believed the Directory to be corrupt and not interested in promoted the betterment of French welfare
French Consolate November 10, 1799- French Consulate in place 3 leaders called Consuls 1stConsul- Napoleon Bonaparte 2ndConsul- Napoleon s brother Lucien Bonaparte 3rdConsul-former Director- Sieyes Napoleon drafts a new constitution naming him as 1stconsul of France for life unbeknownst to the other consuls
Napoleon becomes Emperor Plebiscite= vote of YES or NO on specific question 1800- plebiscite votes YES-1stConsul of France 1802-plebiscite votes YES-1stConsul of France for life 1804-plebiscite votes YES- EMPEROR OF FRANCE
Napoleon's Coronation December 2, 1804 Napoleon s Coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral He crowns himself -big controversy- WHY??
Napoleon's Reforms Makes good and lasting changes to economy, society, and religion. Enlightened but did limit some rights as well. Reforms focused on four areas: Economic Order Social Order Religious Order Legal Order
Economic Order Slowed inflation Balanced budget National Bank Controlled circulation of money Paid off debt Sold Louisiana Territory to President ?? What was this purchase called? Who explored the territory?
Social Order Welcomed migr s (nobles) back on good behavior Promoted officials by merit not nobility Set up Lycees (public schools)
Religous Order Establish CONCORDAT New relationship b/w church and state Allowed freedom of religion Promoted Catholicism as great majority and true religion of France Eliminated any political control of Pope
Legal Order Established the Napoleonic Code of Laws Set of 101 new laws establishing strong sense of law and order Many laws still in use today Equality under the law Censured newspapers Reduced women s rights Restored slavery in French Colonies
Military Mastermind Military genius Expert in use of artillery Developed innovative artillery strategy still in use today Father of modern artillery warfare
Napoleon: The Conquerer Napoleon quickly forced his power across Europe Battle of Austerlitz-December 1805 Invades Austria Forces emperor to make peace and forms alliance Battle of Jena-October 1806 Invades Prussia Forces King to make peace and forms alliance
Napoleon: The Conqueror Battle of Friedland: June 1807 Fought in Poland Against Russians Forces Czar Alex I to the bargaining table PEACE OF TILSIT Napoleon can have western of Poland and all of Europe Alex I can have eastern of Poland and all Ottoman Empire Peaceful coexistence Non-aggression Pact
Napoleon learns he's not invincible Battle of Trafalgar: October 1805 Massive naval battle against British Royal Navy GB lead by Admiral Horatio Nelson Fought off coast of Spain Big loss for Napoleon Nelson shot by sniper and dies moments after hearing the British won This loss sets Napoleon on a obsessive mission to get Great Britain
Napoleon's ego gets in his way he becomes blinded by success and makes three decisive mistakes 1. Continental System 2. The Peninsular War 3. Invasion of Russia
Continental System 1806 GOAL: to make Europe self-sufficient from GB Blockaded GB goods into Europe GB blockades back European economy suffers Causes War of 1812
Penninsular War 1808-1813 Goal: Make brother Joe King of Spain and take Portugal from GB Spanish guerrillas fight in the name of NATIONALISM Napoleon never gets Portugal and Joe never gets the crown Napoleon losses 300,000 men
Invasion of Russia June, 1812 GOAL: quickly take Russia as punishment for breaking Continental System Invades with Grand Army of 400,000 men Scorched-earth policy sucks him in Never get Russia December, 1812-Returns with 10,000 men Beginning of the end for Napoleon
Kick him when he's down Europe has Napoleon at his weakest and decide to attack Grand Alliance takes him on and wins Exiled to Elba, but returns; Last 100 days Finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by Wellington Exiled again but much further away St. Helena Dies on the island in 1821 Why don t they just kill em?
Now that he's gonewhat do we do? Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) AGENDA: Restore order and stability in Europe 4 weeks of meetings turned into 8 months Ring Leader and Host Klemensvon Metternich Foreign Minister of Austria Put down the Experiments of Democracy Major conservative Wants to restore all rightful monarchs to the throne
Legitimacy Balance of Power Containment of France Klemens von Metternich
Metternich's Agenda 3 Major Goals Encirclement of France Strengthen countries around France Prevent French aggression Balance of Power Strengthen weaker countries to offset France s size and power Legitimacy Restore the monarchies deposed by Napoleon Uphold conservative political ideals 1. 2. 3.
Great Powers of Europe Great Britain Austrian Empire Prussia 1. 2. 3. 4. Russia France 5. Was it right to keep France a great power?
