The Law of Property: Concepts and Rights
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This Chapter covers the following topics:
a. Concept of Patrimony
b. Concept of Property
c. Concept of Law of property
d. Theories of Property
e. Objects of Property
f. Classification of Objects of Property
Saturday, October 5, 2024
C
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p
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P
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Rights regulated by Civil law are divided into
two main parts:
Patrimonial rights which are rights with
financial value and they may originate
from contract, Tort or rights on property.
Extra-patrimonial rights which are rights
which can’t be assessed in financial value.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Extra patrimonial rights may originate from
Family law and others.
So, what does patrimony mean?
Patrimony means total rights and obligations
of a person which have financial value or
can be assessed in terms of money.
In law of property, it can be defined as the
totality of property rights of a person.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
some legal scholars claim that patrimony
emanates from the personality of the person
and it can be characterized the following:
•
Every patrimony presupposes a person
who is its holder;
•
Every person has a patrimony;
•
A person can have only one patrimony;
and
•
Patrimony is inseparable from the person
of its holder
.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
c
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p
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•
In ordinary English, property means two
things which are:
- ownership
- owned things which may have material or
moral value
•
In its legal term, it refers to the rights of a
person may have in relation to things that
have economic value.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
The things or objects in relation to which
property rights are exercised are called
objects of property such as land, car and
any other thing that can be owned under the
law.
Property rights are the right to use, enjoy,
transfer, exclude others and abandon.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
C
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p
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a
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Law of property is defined in many different
ways which all need to be scrutinized and
examined.
let us see the following definitions:
a. Law of Property may be defined as a
branch of private law regulating relations
between persons with respect to things or
objects.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
b. Law of Property is that branch of law which
specifies the objects or things in relation to
which property rights may be exercised and
their classification, the types of rights which are
considered as property, how property rights are
acquired, transferred, extinguished, the specific
rights and obligations of the property right
holder, the obligations of other persons towards
the owner is known as property law.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
S
c
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p
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L
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P
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Law of Property does not regulate
everything that relates to objects of property
because objects of property may become
subject to other law such as Law of contract
or law of tort.
Law of property regulates objects of property
as a property rights that owner exercises on
the object.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
T
h
e
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
p
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o
p
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t
y
Theories of property try to explain the following:
•
Origins of private property
This theory tries to explain how private property
came into existence when all property were
held in common.
•
Justification or condemnation of private
property.
This theory attempts to justify or condemn the
institution of private property.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
T
h
e
o
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i
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s
o
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o
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i
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The following theories attempts to explain
the origin of private property:
a)
Positivist Theory
b)
The Hegelian Theory
c)
The Occupation Theory
d)
Labor Theory.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
P
o
s
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t
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T
h
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Pursuant to Positivist Theory
•
Law is the command of the Sovereign.
•
These laws promote general welfare of the Society
and maximize social utility.
•
property and law born together and die together.
•
Property is the basis of expectation of deriving
certain advantages from a thing which we are said
to possess, in consequence of the relation in
which we stand to wards it and this expectation
can only be the work of the law.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
The main critics that this theory faced is that
law and property are the result of social
forces and can’t be say that one is the
creation of another.
John Locke’s Social Contract theory claims
that state is created by Social contract in
exchange of protection of their rights
including their property rights.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
T
h
e
H
e
g
e
l
i
a
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
According to George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
a human person is merely an abstract unit of
free will or autonomy that does not have a
concrete existence until that will acts on the
external word.
Hegel concludes that the person becomes a
real self only by engaging in a property
relationship with something external. Such a
relationship is the goal of the person.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Hence, private property originated in the
person’s attempt to actualize his/her free will
when someone extends his will to external
things he makes that thing a part of himself.
Professor Margaret Jane Radin claims that
a person to achieve self-development; he
needs to exercise control on resources in
the external environment where it takes the
form of property rights.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
T
h
e
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
In the beginning of the world The Creator gave
to man dominion over all the earth and over the
fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and
over every living thing that moves up on the
earth. This is the only solid foundation of man’s
dominion over external things.
in the earliest, there were not a permanent
possession of property because the right of
possession continued only for the time only the
act of possession lasted.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
occupancy gave the right to the temporary use
of the soil. So it is agreed up on all hands, that
occupancy also gave to the original right to the
permanent property in the substance of the
earth itself, which excludes every one else but
the owner from the use of it.
P
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…
Saturday, October 5, 2024
it; for then it becomes, naturally speaking,
publici juris once more, and is liable to be
appropriated by the next occupant.
some argued that the idea of first occupier
becomes the owner of thing is based on implied
consent of the community while other argued
that it’s a natural justice that the first occupier
to become the owner of thing because he
added his labor into it.
In the late 17th century, Samuel von Pufendorf
refined a theory of the origins of property rights
that had been in existence since ancient times.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Property, he said, is founded in the physical
power manifested in seizing the object of
property . In order, however, to convert the
fact of physical power into a right, the
sanction of the state is necessary.
However, the state cannot make a property
right where physical possession is not
present. Thus, both occupation and state
sanction are necessary conditions for
legitimacy of property.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
L
a
b
o
r
T
h
e
o
r
y
John Locke argues that natural reason tells us
that men, being once born, have a right to their
preservation, and consequently to food, drink,
and such other things nature affords for their
subsistence and for realization of that, the
creator gave the world human kind in common.
Though the earth and all the creatures are
common to all men, every man has a property
in his own person to which nobody has any
right to but himself. The labor of his body and
the work of his hands, we may say, are properly
his.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
So where a person appropriates a land or
any one of its fruits, he has mixed his labor
with, and joined to it, such thing is his own
and there by makes it his property. This is
because he has removed it from the
common state of nature and has placed it in
to some thing which is exclusively his own.
The difference between things owned
privately and those, which are commonly
owned by all human kind, lies in the fact that
ones labor has been added to on.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
This theory has certain problems which are:
a.
In the absence of prior theory of
ownership, it is not self evident that one
owns even his/her own labor that is
mixed with something.
b.
The labor theory does not provide
guidance in determining the scope of the
right that one establishes by mixing one’s
labor with something else.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
T
h
e
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p
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The theories discussed above in connection
with the origin of private property are also used
to justify or condemn the existence of the
institution.
a. Occupation
Occupation theory tries to justify the existence
of private property on the ground that the first
occupier should be rewarded and property
acquired in such a manner is ethically justifiable
to become the owner of that piece of property.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
b. Labor Theory
Labor theory -private property is the result of
individual labor because industry (hard work)
should be encouraged by granting to a worker
the ownership of the res, which is created by
his labor so that even greater productivity is
achieved.
c. The Utilitarian theory the function of the
legislator/ state is to maximize the sum of
human happiness, and private property, which
is the expectation of protection provided by the
state, is justifiable because it increases human
happiness.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
d. Hegelian Theory- Property is a part of the
personality of the owner and the protections
provided for property of the person are
protections for the person. This, thus, the
existence of the person and hence his/her
property is just.
e. Marxist Theory- According to the
communists, the history of all societies in the
world is the history of class struggles between
the slaves and freemen, feudal lords and serfs
or vassals, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
These struggles are always between those who
control the means of production and those who
do not and hence the letter have to depend on
the former for their livelihoods by selling their
labor.
These relations were not always based on
equal or even fair exchange of labor and wages
or other form of payments.
In effect private property served and is serving
as a means of exploitation of the slave and
hence it has to be abolished for being an evil
tool.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
O
b
j
e
c
t
s
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f
P
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p
e
r
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y
In common, a thing to be considered as an
object of property has to have the following:
- permanence ; and
- physical unity
Objects of property is defined as the goods
or things over which a right of property may
be exercised.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
C
l
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The purpose of classification of objects of
property are:
a.
Economic and social value attached with
objects. Rules that govern the objects are
different.
b.
It helps judges, lawyers, legislators and
students who study law to enact rules
governing the particular objects when
dispute arise.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
The following are the classification of objects of
property:
a. Corporeal and incorporeal
This classification is based on the physical or
material nature of things or objects. it is a
classification of things into those that can be
perceived by the senses and those which
cannot be so perceived.
Corporeal things are things that have material
or physical existence and unity and hence, can
occupy space and can be seen or touched.
Hence, things such as a house, a car, an ox,
and a watch are corporeal things.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Incorporeal things are things that do not
have a material or physical existence, that
cannot occupy space and hence that cannot
be perceived by the senses.
B. Movable and immovable things
The modern distinction is between movable
and immovable things. The basis of this
classification is physical mobility or
immobility and the value or importance
attached to various types of property.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Movable things
Movable things are things which can move by
themselves or be moved by man without losing their
individual character. Hence, an ox, a car, table, a
book are movable because they can move by
themselves or be moved by man from place to place
with out being dismembered in to several parts.
Special movable things
These are movable things by nature but to which the
law attaches characteristics of immovable things.
The law does so mainly because of the importance
attached to these types of things.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
The rules governing the acquisition, transfer
and proof of rights over ordinary movable
things shall not apply to special movable
things, because they are governed by the
rules applicable to immovable.
This classification includes things such as
motor vehicles, ships, airplanes, televisions
and businesses.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Movables by anticipation
These are immovable things by nature but
which the law considers as movable things.
Trees and crops which are considered as
intrinsic elements of land will be considered
as distinct movable things where they are
the subject to contracts for their separation.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Immovable Things
Immovable things are things that cannot be
moved from one place to another at all or
that cannot be moved without being divided
in to several parts.
Immovable things are divided into the
following:
- Immovable by nature; and
- Immovable by destination
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Immovable by Nature
Land refers to a space as much as it refers
to the material of which that part of the land
is made. In its spatial aspect, land is
immovable, while in its material aspect it
may be removed, at least partially, by
removing the soil. A house attached to land
is an immovable in law, but obviously, it may
be moved in fact by demolishing.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
The following are special characters of land that
distinguishes it from other properties.
1. Land is more enduring than other properties;
hence, future interests in land have definite value.
2. It is important for purposes of security because of
the fact that land cannot be moved and it is
permanent as opposed to furniture or vehicles that
may be easily hidden.
3. A risk of destruction of the land, for example, by
storm or fire is minimal.
4. Land can be subdivided with out necessarily
losing its value.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
5. Land is still very necessary for expansion of
industries, large farms and creation of means of
transport.
Immovable by destination
Immovable by destination are movable things
that are placed permanently with an immovable
thing for the latter's economic exploitation. In
other words, these are movable things by their
nature but which the law considers as
immovable things because they are placed or
attached to a land for its economic exploitation.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Real and personal property
Real rights/ rights in-rem/ refer to either a
power to recover a specific thing, or more
often a right that may be exercised against
any person, while personal rights or /rights
in-personam/ are rights that may be
exercised against a particular person.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
Fungible and non-fungible things
Fungible things consist of movable things that,
in ordinary dealings, are usually determined by
number, measurement or weight and hence
any unit is, from its nature or by mercantile
usage, treated as the equivalent of any other
unit.
Non-fungible things, on the other hand, are
movable or immovable things, which in ordinary
dealings, are determined by their specific
identity.
Saturday, October 5, 2024
This material explores the fundamental concepts of the Law of Property, covering topics such as the concept of patrimony, property rights, and the objects of property. It delves into the origins and legal implications of patrimonial and extra-patrimonial rights, shedding light on the significance of property in legal frameworks. The discussion also touches upon how property rights are exercised and the relationship between property and individual personality.
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Presentation Transcript
SIMAD UNIVERSITY Faculty of law Course name: Law of Property Prepared by: Mohamed-wali Isse Ahmed Lecturer in Law February, 2016
Introduction to Law of Property This Chapter covers the following topics: a. Concept of Patrimony b. Concept of Property c. Concept of Law of property d. Theories of Property e. Objects of Property f. Classification of Objects of Property Saturday, October 5, 2024
Concept of Patrimony Rights regulated by Civil law are divided into two main parts: Patrimonial rights which are rights with financial value and they may originate from contract, Tort or rights on property. Extra-patrimonial rights which are rights which can t be assessed in financial value. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Extra patrimonial rights may originate from Family law and others. So, what does patrimony mean? Patrimony means total rights and obligations of a person which have financial value or can be assessed in terms of money. In law of property, it can be defined as the totality of property rights of a person. Saturday, October 5, 2024
some legal scholars claim that patrimony emanates from the personality of the person and it can be characterized the following: Every patrimony presupposes a person who is its holder; Every person has a patrimony; A person can have only one patrimony; and Patrimony is inseparable from the person of its holder. Saturday, October 5, 2024
concept of property In ordinary English, property means two things which are: - ownership - owned things which may have material or moral value In its legal term, it refers to the rights of a person may have in relation to things that have economic value. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The things or objects in relation to which property rights are exercised are called objects of property such as land, car and any other thing that can be owned under the law. Property rights are the right to use, enjoy, transfer, exclude others and abandon. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Concept of Law of Property Law of property is defined in many different ways which all need to be scrutinized and examined. let us see the following definitions: a. Law of Property may be defined as a branch of private law regulating relations between persons with respect to things or objects. Saturday, October 5, 2024
b. Law of Property is that branch of law which specifies the objects or things in relation to which property rights may be exercised and their classification, the types of rights which are considered as property, how property rights are acquired, transferred, extinguished, the specific rights and obligations of the property right holder, the obligations of other persons towards the owner is known as property law. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Scope of Law of Property Law of Property does not regulate everything that relates to objects of property because objects of property may become subject to other law such as Law of contract or law of tort. Law of property regulates objects of property as a property rights that owner exercises on the object. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Theories of property Theories of property try to explain the following: Origins of private property This theory tries to explain how private property came into existence when all property were held in common. Justification or condemnation of private property. This theory attempts to justify or condemn the institution of private property. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Theories on origins of private property The following theories attempts to explain the origin of private property: a) Positivist Theory b) The Hegelian Theory c) The Occupation Theory d) Labor Theory. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Positivist Theory Pursuant to Positivist Theory Law is the command of the Sovereign. These laws promote general welfare of the Society and maximize social utility. property and law born together and die together. Property is the basis of expectation of deriving certain advantages from a thing which we are said to possess, in consequence of the relation in which we stand to wards it and this expectation can only be the work of the law. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The main critics that this theory faced is that law and property are the result of social forces and can t be say that one is the creation of another. John Locke s Social Contract theory claims that state is created by Social contract in exchange of protection of their rights including their property rights. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The Hegelian Theory According to George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a human person is merely an abstract unit of free will or autonomy that does not have a concrete existence until that will acts on the external word. Hegel concludes that the person becomes a real self only by engaging in a property relationship with something external. Such a relationship is the goal of the person. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Hence, private property originated in the person s attempt to actualize his/her free will when someone extends his will to external things he makes that thing a part of himself. Professor Margaret Jane Radin claims that a person to achieve self-development; he needs to exercise control on resources in the external environment where it takes the form of property rights. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The Occupation Theory In the beginning of the world The Creator gave to man dominion over all the earth and over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and over every living thing that moves up on the earth. This is the only solid foundation of man s dominion over external things. in the earliest, there were not a permanent possession of property because the right of possession continued only for the time only the act of possession lasted. Saturday, October 5, 2024
occupancy gave the right to the temporary use of the soil. So it is agreed up on all hands, that occupancy also gave to the original right to the permanent property in the substance of the earth itself, which excludes every one else but the owner from the use of it. Property, both in lands and movables, being thus originally acquired by the first taker, which taking amounts to declaration that he intends to appropriate the thing to his own use, it remains in him, by the principle of naturals law, till such time as he does some other act which shows his intention to abandon Saturday, October 5, 2024
it; for then it becomes, naturally speaking, publici juris once more, and is liable to be appropriated by the next occupant. some argued that the idea of first occupier becomes the owner of thing is based on implied consent of the community while other argued that it s a natural justice that the first occupier to become the owner of thing because he added his labor into it. In the late 17th century, Samuel von Pufendorf refined a theory of the origins of property rights that had been in existence since ancient times. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Property, he said, is founded in the physical power manifested in seizing the object of property . In order, however, to convert the fact of physical power into a right, the sanction of the state is necessary. However, the state cannot make a property right where physical possession is not present. Thus, both occupation and state sanction are necessary conditions for legitimacy of property. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Labor Theory John Locke argues that natural reason tells us that men, being once born, have a right to their preservation, and consequently to food, drink, and such other things nature affords for their subsistence and for realization of that, the creator gave the world human kind in common. Though the earth and all the creatures are common to all men, every man has a property in his own person to which nobody has any right to but himself. The labor of his body and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his. Saturday, October 5, 2024
So where a person appropriates a land or any one of its fruits, he has mixed his labor with, and joined to it, such thing is his own and there by makes it his property. This is because he has removed it from the common state of nature and has placed it in to some thing which is exclusively his own. The difference between things owned privately and those, which are commonly owned by all human kind, lies in the fact that ones labor has been added to on. Saturday, October 5, 2024
This theory has certain problems which are: a. In the absence of prior theory of ownership, it is not self evident that one owns even his/her own labor that is mixed with something. b. The labor theory does not provide guidance in determining the scope of the right that one establishes by mixing one s labor with something else. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Theories regarding the justification of private property The theories discussed above in connection with the origin of private property are also used to justify or condemn the existence of the institution. a. Occupation Occupation theory tries to justify the existence of private property on the ground that the first occupier should be rewarded and property acquired in such a manner is ethically justifiable to become the owner of that piece of property. Saturday, October 5, 2024
b. Labor Theory Labor theory -private property is the result of individual labor because industry (hard work) should be encouraged by granting to a worker the ownership of the res, which is created by his labor so that even greater productivity is achieved. c. The Utilitarian theory the function of the legislator/ state is to maximize the sum of human happiness, and private property, which is the expectation of protection provided by the state, is justifiable because it increases human happiness. Saturday, October 5, 2024
d. Hegelian Theory- Property is a part of the personality of the owner and the protections provided for property of the person are protections for the person. This, thus, the existence of the person and hence his/her property is just. e. Marxist Theory- According to the communists, the history of all societies in the world is the history of class struggles between the slaves and freemen, feudal lords and serfs or vassals, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Saturday, October 5, 2024
These struggles are always between those who control the means of production and those who do not and hence the letter have to depend on the former for their livelihoods by selling their labor. These relations were not always based on equal or even fair exchange of labor and wages or other form of payments. In effect private property served and is serving as a means of exploitation of the slave and hence it has to be abolished for being an evil tool. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Objects of Property In common, a thing to be considered as an object of property has to have the following: - permanence ; and - physical unity Objects of property is defined as the goods or things over which a right of property may be exercised. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Classification of objects of property The purpose of classification of objects of property are: a. Economic and social value attached with objects. Rules that govern the objects are different. b. It helps judges, lawyers, legislators and students who study law to enact rules governing the particular objects when dispute arise. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The following are the classification of objects of property: a. Corporeal and incorporeal This classification is based on the physical or material nature of things or objects. it is a classification of things into those that can be perceived by the senses and those which cannot be so perceived. Corporeal things are things that have material or physical existence and unity and hence, can occupy space and can be seen or touched. Hence, things such as a house, a car, an ox, and a watch are corporeal things. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Incorporeal things are things that do not have a material or physical existence, that cannot occupy space and hence that cannot be perceived by the senses. B. Movable and immovable things The modern distinction is between movable and immovable things. The basis of this classification is physical mobility or immobility and the value or importance attached to various types of property. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Movable things Movable things are things which can move by themselves or be moved by man without losing their individual character. Hence, an ox, a car, table, a book are movable because they can move by themselves or be moved by man from place to place with out being dismembered in to several parts. Special movable things These are movable things by nature but to which the law attaches characteristics of immovable things. The law does so mainly because of the importance attached to these types of things. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The rules governing the acquisition, transfer and proof of rights over ordinary movable things shall not apply to special movable things, because they are governed by the rules applicable to immovable. This classification includes things such as motor vehicles, ships, airplanes, televisions and businesses. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Movables by anticipation These are immovable things by nature but which the law considers as movable things. Trees and crops which are considered as intrinsic elements of land will be considered as distinct movable things where they are the subject to contracts for their separation. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Immovable Things Immovable things are things that cannot be moved from one place to another at all or that cannot be moved without being divided in to several parts. Immovable things are divided into the following: - Immovable by nature; and - Immovable by destination Saturday, October 5, 2024
Immovable by Nature Land refers to a space as much as it refers to the material of which that part of the land is made. In its spatial aspect, land is immovable, while in its material aspect it may be removed, at least partially, by removing the soil. A house attached to land is an immovable in law, but obviously, it may be moved in fact by demolishing. Saturday, October 5, 2024
The following are special characters of land that distinguishes it from other properties. 1. Land is more enduring than other properties; hence, future interests in land have definite value. 2. It is important for purposes of security because of the fact that land cannot be moved and it is permanent as opposed to furniture or vehicles that may be easily hidden. 3. A risk of destruction of the land, for example, by storm or fire is minimal. 4. Land can be subdivided with out necessarily losing its value. Saturday, October 5, 2024
5. Land is still very necessary for expansion of industries, large farms and creation of means of transport. Immovable by destination Immovable by destination are movable things that are placed permanently with an immovable thing for the latter's economic exploitation. In other words, these are movable things by their nature but which the law considers as immovable things because they are placed or attached to a land for its economic exploitation. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Real and personal property Real rights/ rights in-rem/ refer to either a power to recover a specific thing, or more often a right that may be exercised against any person, while personal rights or /rights in-personam/ are rights that may be exercised against a particular person. Saturday, October 5, 2024
Fungible and non-fungible things Fungible things consist of movable things that, in ordinary dealings, are usually determined by number, measurement or weight and hence any unit is, from its nature or by mercantile usage, treated as the equivalent of any other unit. Non-fungible things, on the other hand, are movable or immovable things, which in ordinary dealings, are determined by their specific identity. Saturday, October 5, 2024
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