The Cardiovascular System: Anatomy and Disorders
Cardiovascular system
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The Heart
The membrane forming the outer lining of
the heart is called the
epicardium
.
Immediately beneath the epicardium is
the
myocardium
, comprising the muscles,
blood vessels, and nerve tissue that make
up the bulk of the heart. The heart's inner
surface is called the
endocardium
.
The heart is surrounded by a sac called the
pericardium
(peri- means around)
Layers of the heart and pericardium
The heart has four chambers:
the right atrium
,
the right ventricle
,
the left atrium
, and
the left
ventricle
. They are separated by septa(singular,
septum). The names and locations of the septa
are easy to remember because they include the
names of the parts they separate. They are the
interventricular septum (separates the two
ventricles) and the interatrial septum (separates
the two atria). Also, each atrium is divided from
each ventricle by an atrioventricular septum,
which contains various valves.
The right atrioventricular valve, also sometimes
called the tricuspid valve, leads from the right
atrium into the right ventricle. The pulmonary
semilunar valve connects the right ventricle to
the lungs, which also connect to the left ventricle
through the left atrium by way of the left
atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the
bicuspid or mitral valve. The aortic semilunar
valve leads out of the left ventricle.
The structures of the heart
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Disorders of the heart are diagnosed and treated by cardiologists, who work in the
field of cardiology.
The heart can be compared to a mechanical device that relies on electricity for its
operation. Electrical impulses emitted within the heart stimulate the heart to
pump. When the electrical system malfunctions, the heart will beat too fast, too
slow, at an irregular pace, or not at all, depending on the nature of the malfunction.
•
Arrhythmia
is most often defined as an irregular heartbeat at any speed. When
the heart pumps too fast, defined as any rate greater than 100 beats per minute,
the condition is called tachycardia. The Greek word for “fast,” tachys, gives us the
prefix tachy- and also the common English word tachometer. A heart that is
pumping too slow, which is defined as any rate less than 60 beats per minute,
exhibits a condition known as
bradycardia
. The prefix brady- is also of Greek
origin, coming from the word for “slow”: bradys.
Tachycardia
is also called
tachyarrhythmia
, and bradycardia is called
bradyarrhythmia
.
•
Ischemia(meaning
"
to keep back
"
)is defined as a deficiency of blood flow and
oxygen to the myocardium.
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Read the following excerpt from a cardiac catheterization report and answer
the questions:
Left ventriculography shows the left ventricle is normal in configuration,
dimensions, and segmental wall motion with ejection fraction computed at
58% by area-length method. There is no evidence of mitral regurgitation.
Coronary arteriography of left anterior descending artery shows 70% focal
stenosis immediately after the first septal perforator branch.
•
What word root and suffix are contained in the term ventriculography? What
does the term mean?
•
What does the adjective coronary mean?
•
What does the word stenosis mean?
View Answer
1. ventricul/o (root) -graphy (suffix); a record of the ventricle
2. heart-related
3. obstruction
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•
Cardiac glycosides: are drugs that increase the force of the myocardial
contractions without causing an increase in oxygen consumption.
•
Antiarrhythmics: (anti- means against, a- means without, rhythm means regular
recurrence, -ic is an adjective suffix meaning pertaining to), drugs used to restore
heart rhythm to normal.
•
Diuretics: drugs used to remove water or fluid from the body, thus decreasing
blood pressure and workload of the heart.
•
Vasodilators: (vas/o means vessel; dilate means open up a hollow structure)
these drugs are used to increase the lumen of the blood vessels, and prescribe
for treating the high blood pressure conditions (hypertension HTN).
•
Vasoconstrictors: (vas/o means vessel; constriction means narrow the opening of
the hollow structure) decrease the inside diameter of the blood vessels, causing
an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstrictors are are used for treating low
blood pressure conditions (hypotension).
Pharmacology (R.S.)
Sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, fever, wheezing, and dyspnea (difficult
breathing) are all symptoms of respiratory disorders that can be treated with
pharmacologic agents.
Following are some of the drug classifications used in treating respiratory
conditions:
Antipyretics: against fever
Bronchodilators: open up (dilate) the bronchus
Mucolytics: mucus dissolving
Corticosteroids: treat inflammatory and allergic conditions
Decongestants: reduce nasal congestion
The cardiovascular system encompasses the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Understanding the anatomy of the heart's chambers, septa, and valves is crucial for grasping its functions. Additionally, exploring common word elements related to heart health can provide insights into medical terminology. Cardiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating heart disorders, including arrhythmias, which result from electrical malfunctions. Discover the intricate workings of this vital system and learn about procedures used to address heart conditions.
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Presentation Transcript
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, the blood, and the blood The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels(which includes all the arteries, veins, and capillaries, that carry blood to all vessels(which includes all the arteries, veins, and capillaries, that carry blood to all parts of the body parts of the body The Heart The membrane forming the outer lining of the heart is called the epicardium. Immediately beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, comprising the muscles, blood vessels, and nerve tissue that make up the bulk of the heart. The heart's inner surface is called the endocardium. The heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium (peri- means around) Layers of the heart and pericardium
The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. They are separated by septa(singular, septum). The names and locations of the septa are easy to remember because they include the names of the parts they separate. They are the interventricular septum (separates the two ventricles) and the interatrial septum (separates the two atria). Also, each atrium is divided from each ventricle by an atrioventricular septum, which contains various valves. The right atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the tricuspid valve, leads from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar valve connects the right ventricle to the lungs, which also connect to the left ventricle through the left atrium by way of the left atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the bicuspid or mitral valve. The aortic semilunar valve leads out of the left ventricle. The structures of the heart
COMMON WORD ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE HEART COMMON WORD ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE HEART Word or Word Element Refers to aort/o aorta atri/o atrium brady- slow card/i/o heart corona the adjective form coronary is sometimes used to describe anatomic structures, such as nerves, ligaments, and blood vessels, especially the arteries of the heart electr/o electrical endo- inside peri- around, surrounding -stenosis a narrowing
Heart Disorders and Procedures Heart Disorders and Procedures Disorders of the heart are diagnosed and treated by cardiologists, who work in the field of cardiology. The heart can be compared to a mechanical device that relies on electricity for its operation. Electrical impulses emitted within the heart stimulate the heart to pump. When the electrical system malfunctions, the heart will beat too fast, too slow, at an irregular pace, or not at all, depending on the nature of the malfunction. Arrhythmia is most often defined as an irregular heartbeat at any speed. When the heart pumps too fast, defined as any rate greater than 100 beats per minute, the condition is called tachycardia. The Greek word for fast, tachys, gives us the prefix tachy- and also the common English word tachometer. A heart that is pumping too slow, which is defined as any rate less than 60 beats per minute, exhibits a condition known as bradycardia. The prefix brady- is also of Greek origin, coming from the word for slow : bradys. Tachycardia is also called tachyarrhythmia, and bradycardia is called bradyarrhythmia. Ischemia(meaning " to keep back" )is defined as a deficiency of blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium.
COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEART COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEART Term Definition atriomegaly enlargement of an atrium Bradycardia also called bradyarrhythmia; abnormally slow heartbeat cardiodynia heart pain cardiogram (This word and the next are often called electrocardiogram and electrocardiograph, respectively; the abbreviation for both can be either EKG or ECG.) a graphic trace of heart functions cardiograph (also myocardiograph, as well as electrocardiograph, as noted above) a machine to electrically measure heart functions Echocardiography (from the Greek ekhe meanssound; cardi/o means heart; -graphy is the process of recording) Ultrasonic procedure used to evaluate the structure and motion of the heart Sphygmomanometer Instrument used to measure blood pressure cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) cardiopathy any heart disease cardiorrhexis rupture in the wall of the heart muscle carditis inflammation of the heart endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium myocardial infarction (often abbreviated MI) heart attack; patients suspected of having had an MI are given a blood test to measure the level of troponin in the blood (troponin is a protein that is released when an MI occurs)
Read the following excerpt from a cardiac catheterization report and answer the questions: Left ventriculography shows the left ventricle is normal in configuration, dimensions, and segmental wall motion with ejection fraction computed at 58% by area-length method. There is no evidence of mitral regurgitation. Coronary arteriography of left anterior descending artery shows 70% focal stenosis immediately after the first septal perforator branch. What word root and suffix are contained in the term ventriculography? What does the term mean? What does the adjective coronary mean? What does the word stenosis mean? View Answer 1. ventricul/o (root) -graphy (suffix); a record of the ventricle 2. heart-related 3. obstruction
Common Abbreviations Common Abbreviations
Pharmacology Pharmacology Cardiac glycosides: are drugs that increase the force of the myocardial contractions without causing an increase in oxygen consumption. Antiarrhythmics: (anti- means against, a- means without, rhythm means regular recurrence, -ic is an adjective suffix meaning pertaining to), drugs used to restore heart rhythm to normal. Diuretics: drugs used to remove water or fluid from the body, thus decreasing blood pressure and workload of the heart. Vasodilators: (vas/o means vessel; dilate means open up a hollow structure) these drugs are used to increase the lumen of the blood vessels, and prescribe for treating the high blood pressure conditions (hypertension HTN). Vasoconstrictors: (vas/o means vessel; constriction means narrow the opening of the hollow structure) decrease the inside diameter of the blood vessels, causing an increase in blood pressure. Vasoconstrictors are are used for treating low blood pressure conditions (hypotension).
Pharmacology (R.S.) Sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, fever, wheezing, and dyspnea (difficult breathing) are all symptoms of respiratory disorders that can be treated with pharmacologic agents. Following are some of the drug classifications used in treating respiratory conditions: Antipyretics: against fever Bronchodilators: open up (dilate) the bronchus Mucolytics: mucus dissolving Corticosteroids: treat inflammatory and allergic conditions Decongestants: reduce nasal congestion
