The Behavior of Light in Optics
Describing Light
There are several different ways to “look” at light:
Light is
a
wave
a
particle
Light can be treated like a
ray
this is an approximation but it’s where we’ll start
2
•
OpenStax Chapter 25.1
•
Ray model of light
–
Light travels in a
straight line
unless if it interacts with a surface
/ changes media
3
Ray Model
What do we mean by that?
Rays of light are the
geometric
kind of ray
Reminder about rays:
Start at point
Point outward as straight line
4
Basic Ideas of Ray Model
Light is represented as a collection of rays
Light source produces an infinite number of rays (one in each
direction)
•
Object is
detected
when an
observer “
collects
” the rays
(for example rays enter the
observer’s eye)
•
Rays travel in
straight
line unless they
interact with matter
5
Light Sources
(Light Production)
Self-Luminous Objects
(generate light)
Fire, electric lights, stars,
some animals, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firefly_composite.jpg
Reflective Objects
(just reflect rays)
Just about everything else
1. Light bulbs in this room produce
light rays
2. These rays bounce off this screen
3. The reflected rays enter the eye
or other detector
6
Rays and Objects
Object 1
: know location,
trace rays
Each object emits rays in all directions
When looking for images, trace
rays back to find where they
intersect
Object 2
: What if you know rays’
trajectories
but not object’s
location
?
7
Rays and Matter
When reaching a
border between mediums
(for
example air to water), rays can
Within a medium, light can
•
Scatter
(change
direction)
•
Be Absorbed
(light’s
energy changes
matter and ray ends)
8
Laws of Reflection:
1. Rays and normal are in same plane
2. Those angles are equal:
i
=
r
Reflection
(OpenStax 25.2)
Ray reaches surface at “angle of incidence”
i
Ray “bounces” away from surface at “angle of reflection”
r
Angle between ray and a
normal
(perpendicular)
line from surface
(Stripes like this generally mean that
second material is opaque)
9
normal
Plane Mirrors
Flat, shiny surface
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror.jpg
•
Light rays that impact on surface
reflect off
•
Observer can detect these rays
•
Interpret the reflected rays as coming from the “
image
”
Image location
: where it looks like the reflected rays come from
10
1.
Draw rays from light source
2.
Rays are straight unless if they encounter mirror
3.
Rays follow Law of Reflection at Mirror (i.e.
i
=
r
)
4.
Draw (dashed) line back from the reflected ray
5.
Image is located where the reflected rays trace back to intersect each
other
Mirror
Ray Diagram to Find Image
Object
•
These are
not
the only
rays that are emitted
•
You need
at least two
rays in any ray diagram
Use
three
to help check your diagram
Reflected rays
look like they
came
from image
Use dot for
one point
on object
11
Where is the Image for a Plane Mirror?
What we mean by image location:
Place where it looks like
all
the reflected rays come from
Brain interprets the rays by saying an appropriately sized
thing is located there
•
Image forms
behind the mirror
•
On normal line
which passes
through the object
What do we mean by “behind
the mirror”?
12
How far back is the image?
Does knowing where the object is
tell us where the image is?
Look at a single set of rays and include its normal line
i
r
The
red
and
green
triangles
are congruent
(i.e. same shape and size)
Image is as far behind the
mirror as the object is in front
of it
13
i
i
Object
Image
Distance Terminology for Optics
•
Object Distance:
s
this is distance from the mirror / surfaces /
lens to the object in question
•
Image Distance:
s'
this is distance from the mirror / surfaces /
lens to the object’s image
Measured along a line
perpendicular
to the mirror/surface/lens
(the “optical axis” will be more important when we deal with
lenses and curved mirrors)
14
Checking on Object and Image Locations
1.
Which is
s
?
A
B
C
D
E: None of them are
s
2.
Which is the following is
the image for the object?
D
A
C
B
15
E: None of them are the image location
Types of Images Terminology
•
Real
image
: one that is formed where
light rays actually converge
(i.e. formed by intersection of actual rays – see
section on lenses)
•
Virtual
image
: one that is formed by the appearance that light
rays originated there
(i.e. formed by intersection of
projected
(dashed) rays)
e.g. plane mirrors form virtual images
Light actually is present at location of
real
image
but
no rays are actually present at location of a
virtual
image (for a mirror)
16
Virtual
Image
This could have been an
overhead
view
Mirror Image with Ray Diagram
For this non-point object:
•
Rays come from each point
of the object (and hit
different parts of the
mirror)
•
Image doesn’t shift up or
down (no flip up and down)
•
Each point on the image is in same place
w.r.t. mirror as corresponding point on
object
There’s also no left-right
flip
(Think about what you
would say if there were
no context clues)
Side View
Why don’t mirrors flip up and down?
17
W
h
a
t
i
f
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
s
n
’
t
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c
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l
y
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n
F
r
o
n
t
o
f
M
i
r
r
o
r
?
Can an image still form?
1. Does Bob have to be in front of mirror
(to the left in this figure)?
2. Can Bob see his image here?
Bob
YES
Someone
standing
here can see
image
YES
NO
18
To create an image, an object
must
be located in front of
the
shiny
side of the mirror
(not on the opaque side)
Who can see an Image ?
We haven’t worried about the location of an observer so far
Whether or not someone sees an image depends on two main
things (measured with respect to the mirror):
Where the
object
is
Where the
observer
is
For the observer to see
an image,
reflected rays
must reach the observer
Next, we’ll consider a small object in the middle of a
mirror
19
Who can see an Image ?
Ray Diagram
Someone standing near the object
should see image
Reflections of “extreme” rays give limits of where observer can
be and still see image
20
Who can see an Image ?
Ray Diagram
Someone standing directly behind
the object should be able to see
it’s image
So should someone standing near
the object
Limit for being able to see the image is that the observer is
detecting “extreme” rays that just hit the mirror
21
Finding Last Person to See an Image
In the figure, the mirror is 2 m long, and the object is 1 m away from its left edge. The
dashed line is 0.5 m away from the mirror. How far to the right of edge of the mirror can
someone standing on the line be and still see an image of the object?
A. 2 m
B. 0.5 m
C. 0.25 m
D. 4 m
E. 1 m
22
What if You Have More
than One Mirror?
Method 1: Ray diagram
S
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n
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23
What if You Have More
than One Mirror?
Method 1: Ray diagram
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e
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d
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a
s
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24
What if You Have More
than One Mirror?
Method 2: Image Location
Find image from object and one mirror
U
s
e
e
a
c
h
i
m
a
g
e
a
s
a
n
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s
v
= 4 boxes for object and
vertical mirror
s
v
'
= 4 boxes for vertical
mirror
s
h
= 6 boxes for object and
horizontal mirror
For “first generation” images
s
h
'
= 6 boxes for horizontal
mirror
25
What if You Have More
than One Mirror?
Method 2: Image Location
U
s
i
n
g
I
(
f
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II
s
I
'
= 6 boxes for III
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s
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'
= 4 boxes for III (same position)
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26
Two Mirrors Making
Multiple Images
How do we deal with a situation
with two (or more mirrors)?
Ray Diagram
Draw rays which
follow the Law of
Reflection
Trace them back to
find image(s)
One
Image
Another
Image
Yet Another Image
(There will also be images down here)
27
Two Mirrors Making
Multiple Images
How do we deal with a situation
with two (or more mirrors)?
Image Location
Find the object’s
image in one mirror
Use this as the
object
for the next
mirror
d
d
Upper Mirror
Lower Mirror
For object and Upper Mirror:
s
=
d
so |
s'|
=
d
28
Two Mirrors Making
Multiple Images
How do we deal with a situation
with two (or more mirrors)?
Image Location
Find the object’s
image in one mirror
d
d
Lower Mirror
For this image and Mirror 2:
s
=
3
d
so |
s'|
=
3
d
d
So far we have two images,
we can keep going to get
more
29
Two Mirrors Making
Multiple Images
These are the images we found so
far
We could have also
started with an image
formed by the object
and
Lower Mirror
d
d
Lower Mirror
For the object and
Lower Mirror
:
d
Upper Mirror
s
=
d
so |
s'|
=
d
30
(More practice in recitation)
Geometry Techniques for Ray Optics
•
Dealing with Circles
•
Similar Triangles
•
Finding Angles
Some come from
Laws
Use
trigonometr
y
for others
(make a
triangle
first)
Same shape, different size
If a = 2.4,
= 3.6, b = 3.6, then
= 5.4
To identify
If
two angles
match, triangles
are similar
Line through center is normal to circle
when it reaches the edge
31
Why do Trucks Have Signs Like This?
•
Light rays are
reversible
•
If
Ray A
follows some path
•
Ray
could follow the
opposite
path
•
If rays get from
me to you
,
then rays get from
you to me
32
C
u
r
v
e
d
M
i
r
r
o
r
s
:
C
o
n
v
e
x
a
n
d
C
o
n
c
a
v
e
•
OpenStax Chapter 25.7
•
Convex Mirror
–
Focal length is negative
–
Image is virtual, upright, and reduced
•
Concave Mirror
–
Focal length is positive
–
Image is either
•
real and inverted
•
virtual, upright, and enlarged
33
Spherical Mirrors Terminology
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
•
Radius of Curvature
: radius of the sphere which was
used to make a mirror
•
Instead of a flat surface, mirrored surface is either the
outside or inside of a (hollow) sphere
•
We’ll look at mirrors which are only a portion of the sphere
(fairly flat disks instead of balls)
Reflective side is on
outside
of sphere
Reflective side is on
inside
of
sphere (looks like a “cave”)
(ray diagrams become a bit
more complicated)
34
Curved Surface
What would happen if we had a curved surface instead of a
flat one?
How to define an angle of incidence?
•
First find the normal line
•
Perpendicular at the point where the
light ray in question reaches the surface
•
Then use
law of reflection:
i
=
r
(slide 9)
The reflected ray travels in a different direction
35
i
r
Optical Axis and Focal Point
C
F
Optical Axis
(OA)
: line passing
through middle of mirror and
“center of curvature”
(i.e. similar to extending the radius)
Center of Curvature
:
center of sphere used to
make mirror (
C
)
Focal Point
: involved with
reflection of rays parallel to optical
axis (
F
)
For fairly flat mirrors (stay near optical axis) focal length is related
to radius of curvature (
R
) by:
f
=
R
/ 2
(For plane mirrors
f
→
∞
)
36
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram
•
Use
three
“Special Rays” to find images
C
F
1.
Ray which starts
parallel
to OA
(i.e. optical axis)
•
Each one obeys Law of Reflection
normal
Reflected ray looks like it
came from F
Note: with non-plane mirrors,
must look at extended object (not
single point)
37
projected rays pass
through F
•
1
st
Ray
•
2
nd
Ray
C
F
2.
Ray which starts
aimed at F
(focal
point)
Reflected ray is parallel to the OA
image extends from
optical axis
Note: This ray is the reverse of the first
special ray (previous slide)
38
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram
•
3
rd
Ray
C
F
3.
Ray which hits the
mirror’s center
OA is the normal for
this ray
Reflected ray makes same angle with OA
as the incident ray
39
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram
i
r
Light in optics can be described as a wave, a particle, or a ray. The ray model of light explains how light travels in straight lines unless it interacts with a surface or changes media. By tracing rays back, we can locate objects and understand how light interacts with matter at boundaries between mediums.
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Presentation Transcript
Optics (behavior of light) OpenStax Chapter 25 Youtube: https://youtu.be/lkm5XY_If6w 1
Describing Light There are several different ways to look at light: Light is a wave a particle with some velocity Light can be treated like a ray this is an approximation but it s where we ll start 2
OpenStax Chapter 25.1 Ray model of light Light travels in a straight line unless if it interacts with a surface / changes media 3
Ray Model What do we mean by that? Rays of light are the geometric kind of ray Reminder about rays: Start at point Point outward as straight line 4
Basic Ideas of Ray Model Light is represented as a collection of rays Light source produces an infinite number of rays (one in each direction) Object is detected when an observer collects the rays (for example rays enter the observer s eye) Rays travel in straight line unless they interact with matter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBG-LED.jpg 5
Light Sources (Light Production) Self-Luminous Objects (generate light) Reflective Objects (just reflect rays) Just about everything else Fire, electric lights, stars, some animals, etc. 1. Light bulbs in this room produce light rays 2. These rays bounce off this screen 3. The reflected rays enter the eye or other detector http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firefly_composite.jpg 6
Rays and Objects Each object emits rays in all directions Object 1: know location, trace rays Object 2: What if you know rays trajectoriesbut not object s location? Rays can be traced back to find object s location When looking for images, trace rays back to find where they intersect 7
Rays and Matter When reaching a border between mediums (for example air to water), rays can Within a medium, light can Scatter (change direction) Be Absorbed (light s energy changes matter and ray ends) Reflect (stays in original medium) Refract (travel in new direction into new medium) 8
Reflection (OpenStax 25.2) Ray reaches surface at angle of incidence i Angle between ray and a normal (perpendicular) line from surface Ray bounces away from surface at angle of reflection r normal Laws of Reflection: 1. Rays and normal are in same plane 2. Those angles are equal: i= r i r (Stripes like this generally mean that second material is opaque) 9
Plane Mirrors Flat, shiny surface Light rays that impact on surface reflect off Observer can detect these rays http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror.jpg Interpret the reflected rays as coming from the image Image location: where it looks like the reflected rays come from 10
Ray Diagram to Find Image 1. 2. Draw rays from light source Rays are straight unless if they encounter mirror Rays follow Law of Reflection at Mirror (i.e. i= r) Draw (dashed) line back from the reflected ray Image is located where the reflected rays trace back to intersect each other 3. 4. 5. Mirror Object Image Use dot for one point on object i r Reflected rays look like they came from image i r These are not the only rays that are emitted You need at least two rays in any ray diagram 11 Use three to help check your diagram
Where is the Image for a Plane Mirror? What we mean by image location: Place where it looks like all the reflected rays come from Brain interprets the rays by saying an appropriately sized thing is located there Image forms behind the mirror On normal line which passes through the object What do we mean by behind the mirror ? 12
How far back is the image? Does knowing where the object is tell us where the image is? Look at a single set of rays and include its normal line Law of Reflection says these are equal: The red and green triangles are congruent (i.e. same shape and size) Object i r i i r Image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it These two are equal (they re vertical angles) 13 Image
Distance Terminology for Optics Object Distance: s this is distance from the mirror / surfaces / lens to the object in question Image Distance: s' this is distance from the mirror / surfaces / lens to the object s image Measured along a line perpendicular to the mirror/surface/lens (the optical axis will be more important when we deal with lenses and curved mirrors) s s' 14
Checking on Object and Image Locations 1. Which is s? 2. Which is the following is the image for the object? A normal B C D A B Extension of mirror C D E: None of them are s E: None of them are the image location (because they do not lie on the normal) 15
Types of Images Terminology Virtual image: one that is formed by the appearance that light rays originated there (i.e. formed by intersection of projected (dashed) rays) e.g. plane mirrors form virtual images Real image: one that is formed where light rays actually converge (i.e. formed by intersection of actual rays see section on lenses) Virtual Image Light actually is present at location of real image but no rays are actually present at location of a virtual image (for a mirror) 16
Mirror Image with Ray Diagram Why don t mirrors flip up and down? Side View For this non-point object: Rays come from each point of the object (and hit different parts of the mirror) This could have been an overhead view Image doesn t shift up or down (no flip up and down) There s also no left-right flip (Think about what you would say if there were no context clues) Each point on the image is in same place w.r.t. mirror as corresponding point on object 17
What if Object isnt Directly in Front of Mirror? no image formed if Bob stands here (on the opaque side) Someone standing here can see image Can an image still form? YES 1. Does Bob have to be in front of mirror (to the left in this figure)? YES 2. Can Bob see his image here? NO To create an image, an object must be located in front of the shiny side of the mirror (not on the opaque side) s s' Bob s Image Bob Extension of mirror 18
Who can see an Image ? We haven t worried about the location of an observer so far Whether or not someone sees an image depends on two main things (measured with respect to the mirror): For the observer to see an image, reflected rays must reach the observer Where the object is Where the observer is Next, we ll consider a small object in the middle of a mirror 19
Who can see an Image ? Ray Diagram Stand between reflections of extreme rays to see image Someone standing near the object should see image Reflections of extreme rays give limits of where observer can be and still see image 20
Who can see an Image ? Ray Diagram Stand between reflections of extreme rays to see image Someone standing directly behind the object should be able to see it s image So should someone standing near the object Limit for being able to see the image is that the observer is detecting extreme rays that just hit the mirror 21
Finding Last Person to See an Image In the figure, the mirror is 2 m long, and the object is 1 m away from its left edge. The dashed line is 0.5 m away from the mirror. How far to the right of edge of the mirror can someone standing on the line be and still see an image of the object? Law of Reflection says these are equal: x1 y1 x2 y2 i r So these are similar triangles (all angles equal) A. 2 m C. 0.25 m E. 1 m B. 0.5 m D. 4 m i.e. x1/x2 = y1/y2 22
What if You Have More than One Mirror? Method 1: Ray diagram Send at least two rays to each mirror Try to have at least two rays reflect off both mirrors 23
What if You Have More than One Mirror? Method 1: Ray diagram Send at least two rays to each mirror Try to have at least two rays reflect off both mirrors e.g. two rays that hit horizontal then vertical mirror and vice versa Keep following this process until rays escape 24
What if You Have More than One Mirror? Method 2: Image Location Find image from object and one mirror sv = 4 boxes for object and I From object and vertical mirror vertical mirror sh = 6 boxes for object and horizontal mirror sv' sv sh For first generation images sv' = 4 boxes for vertical mirror sh' = 6 boxes for horizontal mirror Use each image as an object with the other mirror sh' II From object and horizontal mirror 25
What if You Have More than One Mirror? Method 2: Image Location Using I (formed by object and vertical m.) and horizontal mirror I sI = 6 boxes (to extension) sI' = 6 boxes for III sI Using II (formed by object and horizontal m.) and vertical mirror sII = 4 boxes (to extension) sII' = 4 boxes for III (same position) sI' III is an image that does form, but Since III is behind both mirrors (i.e. facing the opaque sides)it won t create a fourth image II III sII sII' 26
Another Image Two Mirrors Making Multiple Images How do we deal with a situation with two (or more mirrors)? Yet Another Image Ray Diagram One Image Draw rays which follow the Law of Reflection Trace them back to find image(s) 27 (There will also be images down here)
Two Mirrors Making Multiple Images For object and Upper Mirror: s = d so |s'| = d How do we deal with a situation with two (or more mirrors)? Upper Mirror Image Location d d Find the object s image in one mirror Lower Mirror Use this as the object for the next mirror 28
Two Mirrors Making Multiple Images For this image and Mirror 2: s = 3d so |s'| = 3d How do we deal with a situation with two (or more mirrors)? d Image Location d d Find the object s image in one mirror Lower Mirror So far we have two images, we can keep going to get more 29
Two Mirrors Making Multiple Images These are the images we found so far Upper Mirror d We could have also started with an image formed by the object and Lower Mirror d d Lower Mirror Then use this image and Upper Mirror For the object and Lower Mirror: s = d so |s'| = d (More practice in recitation) 30
Geometry Techniques for Ray Optics Some come from Laws Use trigonometry for others (make a triangle first) Finding Angles Similar Triangles Side ratios are same If a = 2.4, = 3.6, b = 3.6, then = 5.4 Same shape, different size To identify b If two angles match, triangles are similar a Line through center is normal to circle when it reaches the edge Dealing with Circles 31
Why do Trucks Have Signs Like This? Light rays are reversible If Ray A follows some path Ray could follow the opposite path If rays get from me to you, then rays get from you to me http://static.seton.com/media/catalog/product/Truck- Safety-Signs-7258A-001-ba.gif 32
Curved Mirrors: Convex and Concave OpenStax Chapter 25.7 Convex Mirror Focal length is negative Image is virtual, upright, and reduced Concave Mirror Focal length is positive Image is either real and inverted virtual, upright, and enlarged 33
Spherical Mirrors Terminology Instead of a flat surface, mirrored surface is either the outside or inside of a (hollow) sphere We ll look at mirrors which are only a portion of the sphere (fairly flat disks instead of balls) Radius of Curvature: radius of the sphere which was used to make a mirror Convex Mirror Reflective side is on outside of sphere Concave Mirror Reflective side is on inside of sphere (looks like a cave ) (ray diagrams become a bit more complicated) 34
Curved Surface What would happen if we had a curved surface instead of a flat one? How to define an angle of incidence? First find the normal line Perpendicular at the point where the light ray in question reaches the surface i r Then use law of reflection: i= r (slide 9) What about a ray parallel to the first but hitting someplace else? The reflected ray travels in a different direction 35
Optical Axis and Focal Point Optical Axis (OA): line passing through middle of mirror and center of curvature (i.e. similar to extending the radius) (For plane mirrors f ) Center of Curvature: center of sphere used to make mirror (C) f F C Focal Length: measures from focal point to mirror (f) Focal Point: involved with reflection of rays parallel to optical axis (F) For fairly flat mirrors (stay near optical axis) focal length is related to radius of curvature (R) by: f= R / 2 36
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram Use three Special Rays to find images Each one obeys Law of Reflection 1st Ray 1. Ray which starts parallel to OA (i.e. optical axis) normal F C Note: with non-plane mirrors, must look at extended object (not single point) projected rays pass through F Reflected ray looks like it came from F 37
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram 2nd Ray 2. Ray which starts aimed at F (focal point) image extends from optical axis F C Reflected ray is parallel to the OA Note: This ray is the reverse of the first special ray (previous slide) 38
Convex Mirrors: Ray Diagram 3rd Ray 3. Ray which hits the mirror s center i r F C OA is the normal for this ray Reflected ray makes same angle with OA as the incident ray 39
