Sunscreen Development and Safety Precautions Overview

This document provides insights into the final stage gate for the sunscreen project led by Ally O., Kennedy M., Rachel C., and Ruby M. It outlines product constraints, safety precautions for harmful chemicals like Benzophenone, testing criteria for packaging materials, and the analysis results of cinnamate testing on E. coli and Daphnia. Decision-making processes based on survival rates are discussed, leading to the exclusion of cinnamate from the sunscreen formulation for safety reasons and in alignment with industry standards.

• Sunscreen
• Development
• Safety Precautions
• Product Constraints
• Testing Criteria

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1. SUNSCREEN FINAL STAGE GATE BY: ALLY O, KENNEDY M, RACHEL C, RUBY M

2. PRODUCT CONSTRAINTS MAX LD50: Cinnamate: 0.0375 grams and Benzophenone: 0.03 grams An 88 mL sunscreen that protects people as best as possible with the most SPF value without harming people An 88 mL sunscreen that has the minimum cost possible MAXIMUM COST PACKAGING $4 (NO GLUE) and $3 (GLUE) 35 for Sunscreen HIGHEST PACKAGING MATERIALS TESTING CRITERIA: PACKAGING UNDERGOES A SET OF TESTS (DROP TEST, SHAKE TEST, WEIGHT TEST, THROW TEST, WATER TEST, MARKETING TEST, HEAT TEST) FOR DATA REFERENCE SLIDE #6

3. MSDS SAFETY PRECAUTIONS - Benzophenone is the most harmful chemical we are working with therefore there are many precautions to take when working with this chemical. It will cause harm if inhaled or in contact with the skin, mouth or eyes. - If in contact with eyes or skin, flush eyes and skin for 15 minutes with water - Contact a doctor - Drink two to four cups of water or milk if ingested - Move to fresh air if inhaled - Other chemicals are not as harmful, but can still cause irritation if inhaled or in contact with skin, eyes or mouth. - If in contact with skin or eyes, flush skin and eyes with water for 15 minutes - Contact a doctor - Move to fresh air if inhaled

4. AVERAGE SURVIVAL OF E.COLI DURING CINNAMATE TESTING

5. CINNAMATE E. COLI TESTING ANALYSIS For the E. Coli tests, as an average, more than 50% of our tests survived, when using the control, mid, and max values. However due to the fact that the max value is relatively close to the 50 % survival, we concluded based off of the E. Coli tests to start with the mid value of 0.01825g. This influenced our first testing on the amount of cinnamate used on Daphnia.

6. AVERAGE AMOUNT OF DAPHNIA SURVIVAL DURING CINNAMATE TESTING

7. CINNAMATE DAPHNIA TESTING ANALYSIS Based on the averages from our tests we concluded that there is a 0% survival rate so we decided not to use cinnamate. We conducted outside research on name brand companies ingredients they used for their sunscreen and concluded that most of them did not use cinnamate either. Our outside research confirmed our suspicions on using cinnamate, and we decided not to use it.

8. AVERAGE SURVIVAL OF E.COLI DURING BENZOPHENONE TESTING

9. Benzophenone (E. Coli) Test Analysis For the control, Mid, and Max values, the survival rate was above 50 % Therefore we could use any of the values, so we chose the Max amount of Benzophenone (0.0375).

10. AVERAGE AMOUNT OF DAPHNIA SURVIVAL DURING BENZOPHENONE TESTING

11. BENZOPHENONE TESTING ANALYSIS We tested Benzophenone on Daphnia and used the max value from our E. Coli tests. Based off of the average of the tests survival rates, we concluded that there was a 0% survival rate in the Daphnia. After questioning the safety of benzophenone from the 0% survival rate when testing on Daphnia, we researched name brand sunscreens for which chemicals they used. We found that many of the name brand companies used about 4% benzophenone. This led us to the use of 4% benzophenone in our formula mix

15. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FORMULA MIX Ingredients Amount needed (g) 2.0 3.52 0 4.0 2.0 1.0 78.0 % of formula mix 2% .04% 0.0% 5% 2% 1% 89% Cetyl Alcohol Benzophenone-3 Ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate Steric Acid Glycerin Trethanol Amine Water, distilled

16. COST ANALYSIS COST AND SOURCE OF MATERIALS Total Cost of Ingredients: 12 Ingredients Amount needed (g) Price per gram ($) Price for needed amount ($) $0.02 $0.00015 Source Cetyl Alcohol Benzophenone-3 2 0.03 $0.01 $0.005 Ebay alibaba Ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate Steric Acid Glycerin Trethanol Amine Water, distilled 0.01825 4 2 1 78 $0.01 $0.01 $0.005 $0.02 $0.0078 $0.01825 $0.04 $0.01 $0.02 $0.01 alibaba bulkapothecary alibaba Ebay Walmart

17. PACKAGING INITIAL MATERIAL FINDINGS: Materials Drop Test Throw Test Weight Test Shake Test Water Test Heat Test Newspaper 3 3 3 3 1.5 3 Cardboard Plastic wrap 3 1.5 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 2.5 2 2 Plastic Bags 3 3 3 3 3 3 Foil Wax Paper Duct Tape Masking Tape 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.5 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3

18. PACKAGING DESIGNS: BOX #1 9.5cm 9.5cm 2.2cm 9.2cm Drop Test 1 Throw Test 1 Weight Test 2 Shake Test 3 Water Test 2 Heat Test Box #1 3

19. PACKAGING DESIGN: BOX #2 6.5 cm 6.5 cm 6.5cm 6.5 cm Drop Test 1 Throw Test 1 Weight Test 2 Shake Test 1.5 Water Test 2 Heat Test Box #2 3

20. PACKAGING DESIGNS: BOX #3 12.9 cm 4.6 cm 2.5 cm 4.6 cm Drop Test 3 Throw Test 3 Weight Test 1.5 Shake Test 3 Water Test 1 Heat Test Box #3 3

21. Packaging Designs: Box 4 (Final) 6.5 cm 6.5 cm 6.5 cm Drop Test 3 Throw Test 3 Weight Test 3 Shake Test 3 Water Test 3 Heat Test Box #4 3 3 cm

22. AVERAGE BOX TEST RESULTS Drop Test Throw Test Weight Shake Test Water Test Heat Test Test Box #1 1 1 2 3 2 3 Box #2 1 1 2 3 1.5 3 Box #3 3 3 1.5 3 1 3 Box #4 3 3 3 3 3 3

23. PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR OUR PACKAGES WE USED: 1 SHEET OF ($1.00) 1 SHEET OF ($1.00) - EVEN THOUGH IT RECEIVED A TWO FOR THE WATER TEST, WE FOUND THAT IT PROVIDED GOOD SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE SUN BLOCK. WE ALSO FOUND THAT IT WAS VERY DURABLE THROUGHOUT THE OTHER TESTS. ON AVERAGE, THE CARDBOARD RECEIVED A 3 FOR ALL THE OTHER TESTS 1 PLASTIC BAG ($0.25) 1 PLASTIC BAG ($0.25) WE USED A PLASTIC BAG TO CONTAIN THE SUN BLOCK IN SO THAT IT WOULD NOT LEAK OUT OF THE CARDBOARD OR DAMAGE THE CARDBOARD IN ANY WAY. THE DATA FROM OUR TESTS STATED THAT PLASTIC BAG WAS NOT DAMAGED DURING THE WATER TEST. THE PLASTIC BAG RECEIVED A 3 FOR ALL THE TESTS. HOT GLUE (LIMITS THE MAX BUDGET TO $3.00 HOT GLUE (LIMITS THE MAX BUDGET TO $3.00)-TO BE USED AS AN ADHESIVE FOR THE BOX. HOT GLUE WILL ENDURE THE TESTS WILL AND PREVENT WATER FROM LEAKING INTO THE BOX. 1 PIECE OF DUCT TAPE ($0.50 1 PIECE OF DUCT TAPE ($0.50)- DID NOT RECEIVE THE BEST SCORES FOR THE WATER AND SHAKE TEST (1) BUT IT RECEIVED A 3 FOR THE OTHER TESTS WHICH WILL ALLOW US TO SECURE THE BOX BUT ALSO BE ABLE TO OPEN IT FOR SUNSCREEN APPLICATION TOTAL COST: $1.75

24. SOURCES HTTP://AVOGADRO.CHEM.IASTATE.EDU/MSDS/BENZOPHENONE.HTM HTTP://WWW.SCIENCELAB.COM/MSDS.PHP?MSDSID=9927759 HTTP://WWW.EBAY.COM/ITM/CETYL-ALCOHOL-FOR-VARIOUS-USES-3-LB- PURE/350153605717?_TRKSID=P2141725.C100337.M3725&_TRKPARMS=AID%3D777000%26ALGO%3DABA.MBE%26AO%3D1%26ASC%3D20141212152338%26MEID%3DF0CCFCF429 7A49808829272F77AE831E%26PID%3D100337%26RK%3D1%26RKT%3D1%26SD%3D350153605852 HTTP://WWW.ALIBABA.COM/PRODUCT-DETAIL/CHINA-HOT-SALES-BENZOPHENONE-WITH-CHEAP_60395813870.HTML?SPM=A2700.7724838.30.37.TPPECE HTTP://WWW.ALIBABA.COM/PRODUCT-DETAIL/HIGH-QUALITY-OCTYL-METHOXYCINNAMATE-OMC-FOR_60393655534.HTML?SPM=A2700.7724857.29.19.U9ZWJD HTTP://WWW.BULKAPOTHECARY.COM/RAW-INGREDIENTS/OTHER-INGREDIENTS-AND-CHEMICALS/STEARIC- ACID/?GCLID=CJ0KEQIALAE1BRCU2QAZ2__T9IIBEIQAKRGDVBOTR4OD2MYPZOIRJ5NKMW8XGZTHTARTEXNJLSINSSIAAHJ98P8HAQ HTTP://WWW.ALIBABA.COM/PRODUCT-DETAIL/KOSHER-PURE-NATURES-USE-VEGETABLE-CRUDE_60334503872.HTML?SPM=A2700.7724838.30.1.3SW4OS&S=P HTTP://WWW.EBAY.COM/ITM/LIKE/231715264085?UL_NOAPP=TRUE&CHN=PS&LPID=82 HTTP://WWW.WALMART.COM/IP/GREAT-VALUE-DISTILLED-WATER-1-GAL/10315382 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCELAB.COM/MSDS.PHP?MSDSID=9923363 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCELAB.COM/MSDS.PHP?MSDSID=9927609 HTTP://WWW.COLUMBUSCHEMICAL.COM/MSDS/595000.PDF HTTPS://WWW.ONEIDA-BOCES.ORG/CMS/LIB05/NY01914080/CENTRICITY/DOMAIN/65/CHEMICALSAFETYDATA_GLYCEROL_ALL.PDF