Study Guide for "Merchant of Venice" - Key Contextual Information and Analysis Points
Explore the key moments and contextual information of "Merchant of Venice" to enhance your understanding of the play. Delve into themes such as patriarchy, money lending, anti-Semitism, and more. Learn about the significant characters and events, along with analysis points to enrich your interpretation of the text. Use this guide to deepen your knowledge and engagement with Shakespeare's classic work.
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Knowledge Organisers for English How do you use them? Self quiz read and write down what you remember Look, cover, write, check Create flashcards that you test yourself on to learn the knowledge Create mini quizzes and swap and check your knowledge Dual code create a series of pictures or symbols that link to the information on the KO Apply the information in context use them to help you write an essay or plan an essay You will study: Merchant of Venice Animal Farm A Christmas Carol The Poetry Anthology Context for the Anthology Unseen Poetry YOU ALL NEED TO LEARN THIS INFORMATION How NOT to use them: Copy out the information with the KO directly in front of you Ignore them
Act SKILLS Key Moments MERCHANT OF VENICE KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER Context Patriarchy - Women not as important as men. Viewed as a commodity. Venice famous, exotic trading centre. Ruled by a Duke and created one of the first Jewish ghettos. Jews There was considerable intolerance and persecution of Jews, who had been expelled from England in 1209. Male friendship Men spent a great deal of time together, without women around. Close male bonds were normal. Money lending Usury. The practice of lending out money to profit from it, which was forbidden to Christians. Anti-Semitism The hatred of Jews based on their religion. Anti- Semitic slurs in the play include references to the devil and animals. Tragicomedy A play that can not easily be defined as a comedy or tragedy; one that has elements of both genres. Marlowe s The Jew of Malta a play, written by Christopher Marlowe, that is believed to have inspired The Merchant of Venice. Synonyms for intelligent Analysis Points: 1. Link to the question 2. Link to the terminology (Lang/Structure) and evaluate the choice 3. Short Quote(s) 4. Explain meaning & effect both obvious & hidden (explicit & implicit) 5. Zoom in on words explore connotations & effect 6. Suggest other readers might think/feel (offer an alternative opinion) 7. Link to writer s intentions (step out from close analysis & do overview of meaning) 8. Explore a linking quote/supporting idea Act 1 Scene 1: Antonio agrees to lend Bassanio money so Bassanio can go to Belmont and court Portia. Scene 2: We meet Portia and find out anyone who wishes Vocabulary Terminology Definition Definition Clever, astute, intuitive, quick-witted, sharp, insightful, perceptive, canny, alert, discerning, penetrating, smart, bright. to marry her must pass her father s casket chest. Scene 3: Shylock and Antonio make the deal. Mercy Showing someone forgiveness when it is within one's power to punish or harm Tragedy A genre that depicts the downfall of the main character Act 2 Scene 1: Portia meets the Prince of Morocco. Scene 2: Lancelot plans to leave Shylock for Bassanio. Scene 3: Lancelot says goodbye to Jessica Scene 4: Lorenzo receives Jessica s letter Scene 5: Shylock leaves Jessica in charge of his house Scene 6: Lorenzo fetches Jessica from her house. Scene 7: The Prince of Morocco chooses a casket Scene 8: Salarino and Solanio gossip about Jessica s departure Scene 9: The Prince of Arragon chooses a casket. Comedy A genre that is characterised with a happy ending Merciful The act of showing mercy Justice Equal/fair behaviour & treatment Tragic hero a character who makes an error in judgement that leads to their downfall Law A set of rules everyone must obey Intolerance Unwillingness to accept beliefs, views or behaviour that differ from one s own Hamartia A fatal flaw leading to a character s downfall Iambic Pentameter a line of verse written in 5 pairs of syllables. Each pair consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Prejudice A preconceived opinion formed without reason or experience Act 3 Scene 1: Shylock damns Jessica to Salarino and Solanio, gives the Hath not a Jew eyes? speech and enjoys the news of Antonio s ships Scene 2: Bassanio chooses the right casket and wins Portia as his wife. Nerissa agrees to marry Gratiano. A letter from Antonio breaks the joyful mood. Scene 3: Antonio has been arrested and Shylock tells him to look to his bond. Scene 4: Portia and Nerissa plan to go to Venice. Scene 6: Lancelot teases Jessica. Usury Lending money with extremely high rates of interest EXAM REQUIREMENTS Monologue A speech delivered by a character in front of other characters. EXTRACT & ESSAY COMBINED ESSAY ON MERCHANT: Intro link to the question with overview of meaning. Explain which events in the play you will focus on. Extract Focus explore what the extract means using supporting quotes and link to the question Idea 1 - choose a moment from the play to explore with quotes & context Idea 2 - choose a 2nd moment from the play to explore with quotes & context - Idea 3 - choose a moment from the play to explore with quotes & context - Conclude Short summary of points INCLUDE CONTEXT Ducats A gold coin used for trade in Europe Bond A binding legal agreement Soliloquy an individual character in the play speaking their thoughts aloud to the audience. Pagan Someone who does not believe in one of the main world religions Act 4 Scene 1: Shylock refuses to show mercy and the law appears to be on his side. Portia, disguised as a lawyer, gives him many opportunities to show mercy. The Quality of Mercy speech comes in the middle of this scene. Shylock refuses and at the last minute is prevented from taking his revenge. Shylock is punished. The Duke and Antonio show him mercy. Portia asks for Bassanio s ring as a reward. Scene 2: Bassanio gives his ring to Portia. Metaphor Describing something by comparing it to is something else Poetic justice A fitting consequence based on prior actions Revenge Harming someone in return for the harm they have done to you Oxymoron using two terms that normally contradict each other together eg. beautiful nightmare Forfeit To lose or surrender something Act 5 Scene 1: Portia and Nerissa and then Bassanio and Gratiano (with Antonio) return to Belmont. The wives cruelly tease their husbands for losing the rings and then reveal the truth. Jessica and Lorenzo learn about their inheritance and Antonio that he has some ships left. Biblical allusion Referencing people, events or objects from the Bible. Animal imagery Using words relating to animals to describe someone.
Character Quotes Themes 1.3 If I can catch him once upon the hip,/I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. (Of Antonio) 1.3 You, that did void your rheum upon my beard. (To Antonio) 1.3 Hath a dog money? is it possible A cur can lend three thousand ducats? (To Antonio) 3.1 Let him look to his bond. (Of Antonio) 3.1 Hath not a Jew eyes? 4.1 : You may as well do anything most hard As seek to soften that - His Jewish heart. (Ant) 4.1 Shylock: If every ducat in six thousand ducats Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,/I would not draw them; I would have my bond. 4.1 Shylock: I crave the law,/ The penalty and forfeit of my bond. 4.1 Shylock: Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that. 4.1 Shylock: I am content. Mercy 4.1 Portia: It is enthroned in the heart of kings/It is an attribute to God himself. 4.1 Portia: We do pray for mercy /And that same prayer doth teach us all to render/The deeds of mercy. 4.1 Portia: Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the Duke. 4.1 Duke: That thou shalt see the difference of our spirit,/ I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. 4.1 What mercy can you render him, Antonio? (Portia) 4.1 Antonio: That for this favour he presently become a Christian. Shylock Law and Justice 4.1 Duke: What, is Antonio here? .. I am sorry for thee. 4.1 Duke: Thou art come to answer/ A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch. 4.1 Duke: We all expect a gentle answer, Jew. 4.1 Shylock: If you deny it, let the danger light/Upon your charter and your city s freedom. 4.1 Shylock: I crave the law,/ The penalty and forfeit of my bond. 4.1 Portia: If thou dost shed/ One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods/ Are by the laws of Venice confiscate. 4.1 Gratiano: O learned judge! Mark, Jew; a learned judge. Antonio 1.1 My purse, my person, my extremest means Lie all unlocked to your occasions. (to Bass.) 1.1 Then do but say to me what I should do And I am prest unto it. (to Bassanio) 3.2 All debts are cleared between you and I if I might but see you at my death. (Antonio s letter) 4.1 Antonio: Repent but you that you shall lose your friend/ And he repents not that he pays your debt. (to Bassanio) 5.1 Antonio: I dare be bound again,/ My soul upon the forfeit, that your lord/ Will never more break faith advisedly. (About Basssanio, to Portia) 1.1 To you, Antonio, I owe the most in money and in love 3.2 I have engag d myself to a dear friend,/ Engag d my friend to his mere enemy,/ To feed my means. 3.2 The dearest friend to me, the kindest man. 4.1 Bassanio: The Jew shall have my flesh, blood, bones and all,/ Ere thou shalt lose for me one drop of blood. (To Antonio) 4.1 Bassanio: But life itself, my wife, and all the world ../I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all/ Here to this devil to deliver you. Revenge 1.1 If I can catch him once upon the hip,/ I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. 3.1 The villainy you teach me I will execute. 4.1 Shylock: If every ducat in six thousand ducats /Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,/I would not draw them; I would have my bond. Bassanio 1.2 I had rather be married to a death's-head with a bone in his mouth than to either of these. 2.1 Yourself, renowned prince, then stood as fair/ As any comer I have look'd on yet/ For my affection. (to the Prince of Morocco) 3.2 but now I was the lord/ Of this fair mansion, master of my servants,/ Queen o'er myself: and even now, but now,/ This house, these servants and this same myself/ Are yours, my lord: 3.2 Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond;/Double six thousand .. For never shall you lie by Portia's side/ With an unquiet soul. 4.1 Portia: Thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture, /To be so taken at thy peril, Jew. Portia Religious Intolerance 1.1 Curs d be my tribe if I forgive him 1.3 You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,/ And spit upon my Jewish gabardine. 2.2 Lancelot: Certainly the Jew is the very devil incarnation. 4.1 Antonio: You may as well do anything most hard/As seek to soften that - His Jewish heart. 4.1 Gratiano: Be thou damned inexecrable dog. 2.2 Lancelot: Most beautiful pagan, most sweet Jew. 2.2 Jessica: Alack what heinous sin is it in me/ To be ashamed to be my father s child. 2.2 Jessica: But though I am daughter to his blood I am not to his manners. 2.6 Shylock: Do as I bid you, shut doors after you, Fast bind, fast find. (To Jessica) 3.1 She is damned for it. (Shylock of Jessica) 3.1 I would my daughter were dead at my feet. (Shylock of Jessica) Jessica Greed vs Love 1.1 To you, Antonio,/I owe the most in money and in love 4.1 Antonio: Repent but you that you shall lose your friend/ And he repents not that he pays your debt. 2.6 Shylock: Do as I bid you, shut doors after you, Fast bind, fast find.
Context SKILLS A Christmas Carol CORE KNOWLEDGE AQA Dickens used conventions from the Gothic genre death, spirits, supernatural, Analysis Points: Link to the question Link to the terminology (Lang/Structure evaluating choice) Short Quote(s) -or Moment Explain meaning and effect both obvious and hidden (explicit and implicit) Zoom in on words/explore connotations and effect Suggest what other readers might think/feel (offering an alternative opinion) Link to the writer s intentions (step out from the close analysis to give an overview of meaning) Explore a linking quote/supporting idea ***DON T FORGET CONTEXT FOR THIS TEXT!*** Vocabulary Definition Huge population increase in London in Victorian Britain. Overcrowding. Large supply of labour meant employers could pay low wages. Severe suffering or going without things Hardship A marked change Transformation The health, happiness and fortunes of a person or group Welfare The action of saving or being saved from sin, error or evil Redemption of population living in poverty. No welfare state to provide benefits for poor. Charity was vital. The human race Mankind Relating to a festival, usually Christmas. Also cheerful. Festive A person who hoards wealth and spends as little as possible Miser Many children died in childbirth/infancy A lack of knowledge or education on a topic Ignorance No printers or copiers in 19th century. Clerks wrote everything out by hand. The ability to choose between different courses of action in your life Free Will KEY THEMES An economic system built around market forces and aimed at profit and wealth creation. Government intervention is minimal. Private companies largely in charge. Capitalism Dickens father ran up huge debts, and got sent to a debtors prison. Family, Christmas, Poverty and Wealth, The Past, Change, Food, Love, Death, Compassion A moment of sudden and great revelation or realisation Epiphany Dickens then taken out of school and sent to a Blacking factory at age 12.Terrible conditions. Cruel employers. Low pay. The state of being alone Solitude EXAM REQUIREMENTS Having a modest or low view of your own importance Humility ESSAY QUESTION 50 mins (including planning time) A sentimental longing for the past Nostalgia Brief introduction Offer an overall link to the question covering the novel as a whole. Extract Focus 1 paragraph Link to Question. Aim for a range of quotes covered & include context Whole Novel Focus -2 paragraphs Link to how question can be answered in other key moments/quotes throughout the novel & include context Brief Conclusion Link back to the question A ghost Apparition/Spectre Poor Children sent to terrible evening ragged schools where they were neglected, and not educated well which meant they would stay poor. Education wasn t compulsory. Only rich children enjoyed good schools. Polite submission and respect Deference A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson Parable A desire to promote the welfare of others, especially by generous donations to good causes Philanthropy Definition Terminology EMBED CONTEXT THROUGHOUT THE ESSAY Linking of nature and weather to human emotions/moods Pathetic Fallacy Dickens visited ragged schools ones for the poor Typical Question Starting with this extract, explore how Dickens uses the Cratchit family to show the struggles of the poor. Write about: how Dickens presents the Cratchit family in this extract how Dickens uses the Cratchit family to show the struggles of the poor in the novel as a whole. Where one thing becomes another in a comparison Metaphor A comparison using like or as Simile Religious society most went to church, and believed in after life and knew Christian message of forgiveness. A story that holds a deeper, moral or political meaning Allegory A spoken/written account of a person, action or event Description a hint or suggestion of what might happen later in the story the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities Dickens was inspired to write the book by insomnia filled night walks in London Foreshadowing 30 marks] Symbolism
Key Quotes Scrooge Bob Cratchit. Cratchit Family Jacob Marley The Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Belle Fred Minor Characters Protagonist An old miser who discovers the message of Christmas Scrooge s long suffering clerk. His family survive on very little but are close and happy. Scrooge s former business partner, now deceased. He appears as a ghost. The ghost that arrives in great light The ghost that resembles a jolly giant The ghost that resembles the grim reaper Scrooge s one time fianc e who left him due to his obsession with money Scrooge s nephew. Fan s son. Fezziwig Scrooge s old boss Fan Scrooge s sister Mrs Dilber, The Laundress and Joe FEZZIWIG He has the power to render us happy or unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome. The happiness he gives is as if it cost a fortune. Hard and sharp as flint The clerk s fire was so very much smaller that it looked like only one coal One the very day of the funeral, Scrooge solemnised it with an undoubted bargain Would you so soon put out the light I give? A jolly giant who bore a glowing torch with a cheery voice and a joyful air It was shrouded in a deep black garment left nothing visible except one outstretched hand. Another idol has displaced me a golden one I have always thought of Christmas as a good time, a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time. Solitary as an oyster There s another fellow, my clerk with fifteen shillings a week, a wife and family, talking about a merry Christmas. I ll retire to Bedlam. Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses? Scrooge was conscious of a thousand odours floating in the air, each one connected with a thousand thoughts and hopes and joys long long forgotten I have seen your nobler aspirations fall off, until the master passion, Gain, engrosses you. I wear the chain I forged in life The chain was made up of cash boxes ledgers heavy purses I see a vacant seat. The child will die Ghost of the Future. As I know your purpose it to do me good, I am prepared to bear you company with a thankful heart. Don t be angry Uncle. Merry Christmas! Every idiot who goes around with Merry Xmas on his lips should be buried with a stake of holly through his heart Scrooge was the ogre of the family and the mention of his name cast a dark shadow. FAN I have come to bring you home dear brother, home, home, home! Scrooge s offences carry their own punishment. Who suffers? Himself! Tiny Tim hoped the people saw him in the church because he was a cripple, and remember upon Christmas day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see May you be happy in the life you have chosen My spirit never roved beyond the narrow limits of our money changing hole Even here two men wished other Merry Christmas in their can of grog If there is any person in the town who feels emotion caused by this man s death, show that person to me, Spirit, I beseech you! If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population A solitary child, neglected by his friends is left there still Scrooge sobbed Now a comely matron sitting opposite her daughter. LAUNDRESS He d have had somebody to look after him when he was struck by death, instead of lying gasping out his last there, along by himself Mrs Cratchit made the gravy hissing hot Miss Belinda sweetened up the apple sauce There never was such a goose cooked Mankind was my business Yes/No game a disagreeable, savage animal. It s Uncle Scro-o-o-oge! I will honour Christmas in my heart. I will live in the Past, the Present and the Future. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach One child: true your nephew! I am sure we shall none of us forget Tiny Tim. Eked out by apple-sauce and mashed potatoes A small matter to make these folks so full of gratitude They are Man s. This boy is ignorance. This girl is Want. Beware for I see that written which is Doom. God bless us every one He read upon the stone of the neglected grave his own name, Ebenezer Scrooge. I am as happy as an angel Mr Scrooge. I d give him a piece of my mind. An odious, stingy, hard , unfeeling man I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just now. That s all. I ll send it to Bob Cratchit The Plot Scrooge sits in his counting house on a cold Christmas Eve, miserable and cursing everything to do with Xmas. His clerk, Bob shivers in the side room. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred s annual offer to come to their house for Christmas, and gives nothing but a lecture to two charity collectors. He is visited by Jacob Marley who warns him to take note of his condition and the 3 spirits which will visit him. Stave 1 Scrooge is taken by the Ghost of Xmas Past, a childlike ghost with a brightly glowing head, back in time to revisit his sad lonely boarding school days left on his own at Xmas, then a time when his sister Fan came to collect him and he was overjoyed. He is also shown a Christmas Eve when he was the apprentice of Fezziwig, a happy, caring boss. He is also shown the scene where his fiancee, Belle left him, and Belle has a new husband and daughter of her own. Stave 2 Scrooge is next taken by the Ghost of Xmas Present, a majestic giant wearing a green fur robe, through London to see Christmas as it will happen that year. He watches the Cratchit family prepare a miniature feast in their meager home. He discovers the courage and kindness of Tiny Tim, Bob Cratchit scrippled son. He sees Fred s Xmas party, and also countless people around the globe all celebrating Xmas with someone else, unlike Scrooge who appears doomed to spend it alone. The Ghost ages towards the end of the day, and reveals two starved children, Ignorance and Want, a warning to mankind of not caring for others in society. Stave 3 The Ghost of Xmas Yet to Come leads Scrooge through a series of mysterious scenes relating to an unnamed man s recent death. Scrooge sees businessmen discussing the food at the funeral, some uncaring tramp like characters trading his belongings, and a poor couple expressing relief because their debt may be transferred to someone more merciful. Finally, the Ghost guides Scrooge to an abandoned old gravestone bearing the name of Ebenezer Scrooge. He begs and pleads with the silent spirit to change his fate, promising to change his ways. Stave 4 Overwhelmed with the chance to redeem himself, Scrooge rushes out on to the street to share his newfound Christmas spirit with bemused passers-by. He sends a giant Christmas turkey to the Cratchits, and raises Bob s salary. He attends Fred s Xmas party, and gives a generous sum to the charity collectors. As the years go by, he holds true to his promise and honours Christmas with all his heart, treating Tiny Tim as if he were his own child, providing for the poor, and treating fellow human beings with kindness, generosity and warmth. Stave 5
SKILLS ANIMAL FARM KO - Y11 AQA CHAPTER Guide to events Context Orwell was a Socialist. He despised the cruelties in the Soviet Union model of socialism. The novel is an anti-totalitarian novel. Each character represents different historical figures. Pig represent educated Russians who took power. Moses exploitation of religion in communism. The Sheep Russian Masses. Mr Frederick Hitler Mr Pilkington Capitalist govt of Britain & The USA. The Hens collective farmers ordered by Stalin to surrender their livelihoods. Mr Jones the Tzar Russian history And Stalin s rise to power Analysis Points: Link to the question Link to the terminology (Lang/Structure evaluating choice) Short Quote(s) Explain meaning and effect both obvious and hidden (explicit and implicit) Zoom in on words/explore connotations and effect Suggest what other readers might think/feel (offering an alternative opinion) Link to the writer s intentions (step out from the close analysis to give an overview of meaning) Explore a linking quote/supporting idea CH1 The animals hold a meeting to discuss overthrowing the humans. They decide on rules if they are successful. Vocabulary Definition Revolution Forcible overthrow of a government or social order CH2 The animals run the men off the farm & the Jones and rename it Animal Farm, destroying signs of slavery Animalism System designed by Old Major for a happy life free of human interference Commandments Seven rules by which the animals will live CH3 The animals work hard to collect the harvest, a committee is established & the pigs take more than their share of the rations. Unalterable Cannot be changed or adapted Equality Being equal CH4 Jones tries to retake the farm. News of it has spread & neighbouring farmers are worried. The animals win The Battle of the Cowshed. Untrustworthy Not being able to trust someone, deceitful Capitalism an economic & political system where a country's trade & industry are controlled privately for profit, rather than by the state. CH5 Mollie leaves the farm. Napoleon takes over all the decisions. Socialism An economic & political system where trade & industry are controlled centrally for the CH6 The pigs move into the farmhouse, they trade and the animals work hard to farm and build the windmill, overcoming setbacks. A storm destroys the windmill. good of all Patriotic Being devoted to your country EXAM REQUIREMENTS Corruption Dishonesty or fraudulent behaviour by rulers EXTRACT & ESSAY COMBINED ESSAY: Intro link to the question with overview of meaning. Explain which events in the play you will focus on. Extract Focus explore what the extract means using supporting quotes and link to the question Idea 1 - choose a moment from the play to explore with quotes & context Idea 2 - choose a 2nd moment from the play to explore with quotes & context - Idea 3 - choose a moment from the play to explore with quotes & context - Idea 4 choose a moment to explore with quotes and context Conclude Short summary of points INCLUDE CONTEXT CH7 Napolean starves the hens when they refuse to lay more eggs, he convinces them off a different version of The Battle of the Windmill. Republic A state where power is held by the people & their elected officials (America is a republic) (Britain is a Monarchy) Exploitation Treating someone unfairly to benefit from CH8 The pigs re-read the commandments, change them and get drunk. Frederick buys timber with forged money & blows up the windmill. their work Anti totalitarian Non-tolerance of people who have different opinions & a system of dictatorship Terminology Definition CH9 Th piglets go to school, the farm becomes a republic with Napoleon as the President, Boxer looks forward to retiring, his strength fails and he is sent to the slaughterer. Most animals don t realise & whiskey arrives from the money confusing them. Symbolism use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities Imagery visually descriptive language Motif a recurring set of words/phrases or imagery for effect CH10 Time passes, animals die, the conditions are poor for most and the pigs act like humans. The other animals can t tell the animals from the humans. Allegory extended metaphor in which a symbolic story is told Omniscient third person narrative All knowing narrator who is not involved in the action but sees it all happening
Character Quotes & Technique Ch 1. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life. , Ch 2. these two (Clover and Boxer) had great difficulty in thinking anything for themselves,. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself. Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves year ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. (ch7) Such were thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. (ch7) They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover. Ch 1. Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Ch2. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. Shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane? Ch3. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the morning. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. Ch4. She was found hiding in her stall Ch 5. run away from work and go to the drinking pool stand gazing foolishly at her own reflection. Ch1. oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, usually to make some cynical remark. Ch3. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey. Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction (Ch5) Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill. (Ch6) Ch1. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. Ch3. Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. His answer to every setback, was I will work harder. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. Ch4 But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. He is dead , said Boxer sorrowfully. Ch6. His two slogans, I will work harder and Napoleon is always right , seemed to him sufficient answer to all problems. I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. (ch7) What victory? said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hide. (ch8) Clover Mollie Benjamin Boxer Moses 'Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. , He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, , The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work , Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? They [the pigs] all declared contemptuously that his stories were lies, The three pigs Napoleon Never mind the milk, comrades , He lifted his leg, urinated over the plans and walked out without uttering a word , Napoleon announced that the windmill would be built after all , There were piles of corpses lying at Napoleon s feet Squealer: The animals were not sure what the word meant, but Squealer spoke persuasively , Surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples Snowball At the meetings, Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches , "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. , Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons? , "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do. [this quotation refers to his being chased from the farm] slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. The Sheep When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad! , It went on for five minutes without stopping. the chance to utter any protest had passed. Muriel Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat , better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap , Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel . , "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Mr Frederick terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield , He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, and he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage Mr Pilkington These two [Frederick and Pilkington] disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement . But at the moment the four pigeons who had been sent there [Pilkington s farm] the day before returned bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it were penciled the words serves you right . Jessie and Bluebell a terrible baying sound outside, escape their snapping jaws. , the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. The Hens And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men? , Under the guidance of our leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days ., He [Snowball] formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens. , The hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. Minimus Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm
SKILLS Vocabulary Vocabulary AQA POWER & CONFLICT KO Analysis Points: Link to the question Link to the terminology (Lang/Structure evaluating choice) Short Quote(s) Explain meaning and effect both obvious and hidden (explicit and implicit) Zoom in on words/explore connotations and effect Suggest what other readers might think/feel (offering an alternative opinion) Link to the writer s intentions (step out from the close analysis to give an overview of meaning) Explore a linking quote/supporting idea COMPARISON SKILLS: Link to the question for both texts stating the similarity or difference, Give a quote which links to your idea from poem 1 Explain briefly what the quote means Use comparative connectives in your answer to then explain a quote from poem 2 and HOW the quotes are different or the same and what they make you think Sorrowful Conscience Terminology Definition Tempestuous Corruption Imagery visually descriptive or figurative language Arrogant Power Simile comparison between two things using like or as Poignant Philosophical a comparison as if a thing is something else Metaphor Political Significance Onomatopoeia words that sound like their meaning Endemic Delusion Symbolism the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities Noun the name of something Problematic Youthful Personification Giving human qualities to inanimate objects Encouraging Renaissance Adjective a word used to describe Articulating Elegance Verb a word used to describe an action Nightmarish Emotional Adverb often ly words which describes how things are done Rejection Commanding Pronoun Pronouns are used instead of names Subverting Impotence Connotations implied or suggested meanings of words or phrases EXAM REQUIREMENTS 30 mark question Violent Symbolic You will have one poem in front of you and will need to choose your comparison poem carefully and use your memory to compare it to the poem in front of you COMPARISON POEM ESSAY 45 mins (including planning time) Intro link to question. Explain the overall meaning of the poem briefly. Mention time period/context. Throughout the essay choose relevant quotes from the poem and analyse the language, structure and effect of these quotes and then how they link to examples and analysis from the comparison poem you have selected. You must use connectives of comparison. Refer to the question and link to the context regularly. Juxtaposition placing contrasting ideas close together in a text Stereotypical Transience Oxymoron using two terms together, that normally contradict each other Confessional Traumatic Repetition when words or phrases are used more than once in texts Bereavement Desperation Defiance Despair Enjambment incomplete sentences at the end of lines in poetry, where the line runs into the next line Government Distress Caesura a break in the middle of a line of poem using punctuation (. , : ; ) Identity Flashbacks End-stopping punctuation at the end of a line of poetry Comparison Connectives Tentative Phrases Heroic Memories Rhythm A recurring beat in the poem Similarly In contrast /Contrastingly Could Maybe Fearful Sympathising Stanzas the way verses are structured In the same way On the other hand Might Possibly Counteracting Stealth repetition of vowel sounds. Assonance Also However May Perhaps Blame Guilt Consonance Repetition of consonant sounds.
EXCERPT FROM THE PRELUDE I unloosed her chains Proud of his skill heaving like a swan a huge peak, black and huge There hung a darkness, call it solitude Or blank desertion OZYMANDIAS antique land frown wrinkled lip sneer the hand that mocked king of kings lone and level sands stretched far away LONDON MY LAST DUCHESS Looking as if she were alive. none puts by the curtain that I have drawn for you, but I spot of joy I gave commands; then all smiles stopped of mine for dowry BAYONET CHARGE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE chartered street chartered Thames marks in every face marks of weakness, marks of woe half a league, Valley of death Storm dat with shot and shell in every x 5 black ningChurches appals plagues the marriage hearses When can their glory fade? Rode the six hundred and Noble six hundred! REMAINS STORM ON THE ISLAND EXPOSURE POPPIES his sweat heavy legs it up the road The wizened earth has never troubled us Raise a tragic chorus in a gale Merciless iced east winds that knife us Attacks once more in ranks on ranks of shivering ranks of grey sudden successive flights of bullets streak the silence Slowly our ghosts drag home; All their eyes are ice spasms of paper red all my words, flattened, rolled, turned into felt The patriotic tear that had brimmed in his eye I see every round as it rips through his life tosses his guts back into his body skirting the church yard walls, my stomach busy was he the hand pointing that second? threw up a yellow hare that rolled like a flame King, honour, human dignity etcetc Exploding comfortably down on the cliffs Spits like a tame cat turned savage bombarded by the empty air leaned against it like a wishbone The dove pulled freely against the sky, CHECKIN OUT ME HISTORY blood-shadow stays on the street his bloody life in my bloody hands WAR PHOTOGRAPHER TISSUE THE EMIGREE spools of suffering set out in ordered rows ordinary pain the blood stained into foreign dust a hundred agonies in black and white Paper that lets the light shine through pages smoothed and stroked and turned my memory of it is sunlight-clear Dem tell em Blind me to my own identity it may be sick with tyrants Dick Whittington and he cat But Toussaint L Ouverture hopeful stream to freedom river That child s vocabulary banned by the state I have no passport they fall away on a sigh Trace a grand design the reader s eyeballs prick with tears between the bath and pre-lunch beers living tissue I carving out me identity My shadow falls as evidence of sunlight KAMIKAZEE CONTEXT: for each of the poems think about; how different audiences would have perceived the poems; think about the obvious clues in the poem to suggest something about the political, historical or social context; think about what you know about the poet. for a one-way journey little fishing boats strung out like bunting built cairns of pearl-grey pebbles he no longer existed Which had been the better way to die
Ozymandias Oral tradition of storytelling passed from generation to generation The story of Pharaoh Rameses ruler of Egypt who was disliked by his people Shelley was commenting on figures in power and disliked the role of power played in society He was a powerful ruler disliked by his subjects He wasn t important after he died death happens to all (Shattered visage reinforces this) Anthology Context KO AQA Power and Conflict CONTEXT: for each of the poems think about; how different audiences would have perceived the poems; think about the obvious clues in the poem to suggest something about the political, historical or social context; think about what you know about the poet. The Charge of the Light Brigade The narrative poem is a reflection of what happened in the Crimean War when soldiers and horses were ordered to go into the valley and were surprised by the ambush Officers in charge sent them into certain death by mistake shows how men at the time were seen as dispensable Ambushed by the enemy and shows the weaponization of the army which caused many deaths War never seems to stop and we don t seem to learn from the mistakes of the past, rather continue to send men to war and to horrific deaths Tennyson may be criticising the army for sending these men to certain death and exploring the pointlessness of it Extract from The Prelude Able to steal a boat as it has been moored in a quiet spot by one of the many Lakes in the Lake District Wordsworth s childhood was passed in the Lake District and as a romantic poet he enjoyed the great outdoors Embracing nature and the beauty around him and appreciating the moment romantic period reference Nature is very powerful and can impact the emotions of Wordsworth both positively and negatively Lost his parents as a teen and could have felt abandoned and last as a result, because this is a autobiographical poem it reflects events that happened to him & that remained with him My Last Duchess Duke of Ferrara who has had more than one wife and was considered a tyrant Shows an element of patriarchal society where the man is in charge and more important than women 16th Century Duke who thinks he is able to own and possess anything including a person Duke is in control and is an authority figure who will control others 16th century a lot of marriages were arranged and was seen as business transaction where the male is in control patriarchy being shown again London Industrial Revolution was changing the landscape of London as more people migrated from the countryside to work in industry and the streets became overcrowded. Blake was inspired by walking the streets of London and looking upon the misery that was indicated in people that he saw. The choices made by governments and the wealthy was affecting everyone and changing society into an unrecognisable negative world. Blake is commenting on the negative aspects of religion and showing that religion has a moral responsibility to help people overcome the difficult circumstances, but he finds them lacking. Blake wrote this and included it in the Anthology Songs of Experience which suggests he had seen the evils in society and wanted to highlight the wrongdoing of Religion, people and the Government and Royalty Checking out me History Agard was writing to highlight the lack of voices in black history that were recognised History books whitewash the truth and Agard wants this to be recognised Toussaint was a slave who was involved in the Haitian Revolution, but his story is not often told. Shows the colonial education given to black people which eradicated their own historic figures in favour of nursery rhymes Nanny De maroon was a military leader and was know as a beacon of strength and unity Showing that black people are looking into and researching their own history and finding the information written down in history books insufficient and insulting to their heritage Kamikaze A Kamikaze pilot was a suicide pilot and they were supposed to die by crashing into planes it was a matter of honour and this is a strong part of Japanese culture Ordinary life went on for everyone while the suicide fighters undertook their missions Childhood memories often have a great impact on people and the decisions that they make Lost honour by not killing himself and patriotism was more important than family Family honour meant that the narrative in this story values kamikaze pilots who did kill themselves more than those who opted out. A societal conflict is evident
Poppies Context of war and remembrance thinking about remembering those who died in the war Mothers who have lost a child may make poppies and make themselves busy to fill the gap and the loss Remembrance Sunday Parades are well-known War memorials are a symbol of war and the remembrance in most towns across the country and seen as a part of our heritage Birds are often used as symbols in literature and while the wars happening in Iraq and Afghanistan were still raging when Weir wrote this poem perhaps the wider symbolism is the lack of freedom these men have. The poet has not had a son Remains Soldier shoots the bank robber and is haunted by the image replaying of events in the mind of the soldier Mental health of soldiers is impacted by events that they Duty of the soldier to carry on despite the suffering they have endured PTSD Gulf War is referenced here, and the experiences are told as an anecdote by Armitage to bring to life the experiences of the soldiers Macbeth is referenced here so who is the guilty party and emphasises the guilt of the soldier The Emigree Heritage is important and the power of memory for individuals Middle eastern wars are being referenced in the poem and although she is no longer living there she cannot go back as it is not safe Banning a language from being spoken does happen but people continue to secretly speak their language Passports create a sense of belonging to a place and although they are only a small booklet they have wider symbolic significance As a migrant or emigrant there is a sense of belonging that is missing from the new place that you live and a sense that you always long for the past Tissue Could be a reference to religious hope that many people have Records have been written down for centuries and help us to learn more about the past We chart our history through buildings as well as through records Biblically God has a grand design for everyone (if you are religious) and this seems to be alluded to here Extended metaphor in the whole poem compares the architecture of life and paper and buildings to the construct of living Bayonet Charge Telling a story of a bayonet charge and the emotional impact this has on the person at war his fathers experience in WW1 shaped his childhood Many soldiers went into war through a sense of patriotic duty, but found the reality very difficult Individual men wouldn t make a huge difference and they would have questioned the worth of war Mustard gas was a horrific new invention that meant many men and animals suffered horrible painful choking deaths like the death of the hare No reason for going to war seems justifiable. The human sacrifice is too wasteful. War Photographer Newspapers will pay for the pictures that are taken in a war zone in order to publicise it, but don t take into account the human suffering Horrors of war remain with the people who have witnessed it Religious motif and the literary allusion to The Soldier The physical act of taking the photographs captures for eternity the suffering and pain caused by war Life in this country is easy compared to the suffering endured by others in war zones and it is difficult to put yourself in those situations Storm on the Island Being in a cottage on the edge of a cliff during a storm in Ireland feels secure as the cottage has weathered storms before Tragic chorus is an element of Greek tragedy and commenting on what happens On the edge watching the storm and seeing the effects of nature on a rugged landscape Nature being used to show the unpredictability of the weather. Everyone is aware of pets that are tame and malleable but that they are still creatures we can t control, just like we can t control the weather Heaney was Irish and would have been familiar with this landscape Exposure WW1 suggests that people suffered not only from injuries but from the terrible weather and not being inside trenches offered little protection from the harsh reality of winter The poor weather conditions in the war make the long-standing suffering even worse for the soldiers Owen was writing from experience as he suffered through the war War is unpredictable and men were not prepared well enough to cope with the long waits in between a sudden burst of action War is a slow and long process, and nothing happens immediately almost as if men lose hope through the continued suffering they face and the way that they seen to lose a part of themselves Owen died just before the end of the war so writing his experiences helped others to understand and relate to the reality of war and how different elements such as the weather played a part in the misery of the men fascinated by the weather and the way nature manipulated the surroundings
SKILLS Paper Two Literature Section C 20% of Lit GCSE Two previously unseen poems. 1 single poem essay. 1 comparison essay. UNSEEN POETRY KO Analysis Points: Link to the question Link to the terminology (Lang/Structure evaluating choice) Short Quote(s) Explain meaning and effect both obvious and hidden (explicit and implicit) Zoom in on words/explore connotations and effect Suggest what other readers might think/feel (offering an alternative opinion) Link to the writer s intentions (step out from the close analysis to give an overview of meaning) Explore a linking quote/supporting idea Terminology Definition Imagery visually descriptive language Simile comparison between two things using like or as where one thing becomes another in a comparison Metaphor Things to consider comparing: Ideas Themes Effect on reader Writer s intentions Tone Mood and atmosphere Imagery Narrative voice Language techniques Structural techniques Shift of focus Beginning End Onomatopoeia words that sound like their meaning Symbolism the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities EXAM REQUIREMENTS Repetition when words or phrases are used more than once in a piece of writing SINGLE POEM ESSAY 30 mins 24 marks (including planning time) Intro link to question. Explain the overall meaning of the poem briefly. Throughout the essay Choose relevant quotes and analyse the language, structure and effect of these quotes. Refer to the question regularly. Personification Giving human qualities to inanimate objects Persona The voice/ speaker of the poem. Different from the writer. COMPARISON POEM ESSAY 15 mins 8 marks (including planning time) Intro link to question. Explain the overall meaning of the poem briefly. Through the essay Start with the 2nd poem, choose relevant quotes from the poem and analyse the language, structure and effect of these quotes and then how they link to examples and analysis from poem 1. You must use connectives of comparison. Refer to the question regularly. Semantic field A group of words related in meaning. Sonnet A 14 line poem, with a clear rhyme scheme. Usually focuses on love. Emotions Synonyms to describe this feeling or emotion Free-verse A poem that doesn t have any clear rhyme scheme off rhythm. Comparison Connectives Anger Irritated, Annoyed, Rage, Hostility, Agitation, Aggravated, Contempt Similarly Contrastingly Alternate rhyme When alternate lines share the same rhyme scheme (ABAB) Horror, Rage, Mortification, inferiority, Hysterical, Panic, Insecurity Fear In the same way On the other hand Love Tenderness, Desire, Longing, Affection, Caring, Passion, Compassion Rhyming couplet A pair of rhyming lines which follow on from one another (AA, BB) Also However Joy Elated, Enthusiastic, Eager, Hopeful, Enchanted, Rapturous, Delighted Juxtaposition placing contrasting ideas close together in a text In addition Whereas Enjambment incomplete sentences at the end of lines in poetry, where one line runs on to the next for effect Surprise Confusion, Overcome, Stimulated, Astounded, Speechless, Awe-struck, Dismayed Tentative Phrases Could Maybe Caesura a break in the middle of a line of poem using punctuation (. , : ; ) Sadness Disappointed, Suffering, Despair, Dismayed, Hurt, Regretful, Isolated Might Possibly Tension Tense, fraught, dramatic, nerve-wracking, anxiety, stress, strain, straining, stretching, apprehension, pressure, worry End-stopping punctuation at the end of a line of poetry May Perhaps Rhythm A recurring beat in the poem Appears Seems to
