Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics Tutorial
PRAGMATICS
TUTORIAL 8
CHAN YI HAO
HO JIA DA
TAN HUI MIN
WU JIAJUN
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY
Jia
Da
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY
Two Forces
Illocutionary
Perlocutionary
Two Forms
Direct Speech Act
Indirect Speech Act
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY
Performative Verbs
Meaning of the verb is
PERFORMED
by simply
UTTERING
it in
the sentence.
Examples
I apologise for my ugly presentation slides
I promise to work hard for this module
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION
Direct, Performative Verb
May I
enquire
about the criteria for
admission to NUS?
Intention: Illicit Information (Question)
Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION
Direct, without Performative Verb
Why on earth do you want to enroll in
NUS?
Intention: Illicit Information (Question)
Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION
Indirect
I am running out of patience
Intention: Illicit Information (Question)
Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST
Direct, with Performative Verb
I
demand
a diamond ring, necklace and
bracelet this Valentines Day.
Intention: Request/Order
Linguistic Imperative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST
Direct, no Performative Verb
Please understand my current financial
situation
Intention: Request/Order
Linguistic Form: Imperative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST
Indirect
Can’t
you afford the ring at least?
Intention: Request/Order
Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE
Direct, with Performative Verb
I
swear
that I will make you pay for
murder
Intention: Promise (Declaration)
Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE
Direct, no Performative Verb
I will never kill again if you spare me
Intention: Promise
Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE
Indirect
Prepare to meet your inevitable doom
Intention: Promise (Declaration)
Linguistic Form: Imperative
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
Yi Hao
Cooperative principle:
How people interact with one another
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
4 Gricean Maxim of Conversation
“He’s so well spoken that you can get
lulled into
thinking that you believe him
.
Then, after a while,
you start to realize that most of what he’s saying is
just
unfounded opinion
.
He
never backs up his
statements with anything factual
.”
Answer:
Maxim of Quality
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
“Her lectures are
really hard to understand
. I think
that she knows what she’s talking about, but she
uses all this
complicated vocabulary
, and she
never
defines
any of the words. Plus, every sentence is
about a
million words long
, and by the time you
figure out what it meant, she’s
giving you another
sentence
that’s
even more complicated
! Aiyoh”
Answer
: Maxim of Manner
&
Maxim of Quantity
(too much)
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
“His classes are hard to follow because he
goes off
on so many tangents
. He’ll be talking about Russian
politics one minute, and then he’ll
veer off
to tell us
something about democracy in Ancient Greece.
Then he’ll
get back to the Russian politics
only to
interrupt himself with a story about what his son
did at breakfast this morning! OMG”
Answer:
Maxim of Relation
&
Maxim of Manner
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
“I feel as though she
never gives us thorough
answers
to our questions. For example, I asked her
yesterday why we shiver when we’re cold. All she
said was ‘because you’re warm-blooded,’ and then
she went to with her lecture. I already knew that
people are warm-blooded,
but I don’t know what
this has to do with shivering
. Damn it!”
Answer:
Maxim of Quantity
(too little)
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF
CONVERSATION
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Hui Min
The following is a true story involving a mother and her 2-
year-old daughter.
The mother is busy preparing dinner, and tells the child: Go
ask your uncle what he wants to drink. The child runs to the
living room where the uncle is relaxing, and doesn’t come
back. After a good 15 minutes, the mother checks with the
uncle, who says: Yeah, she did come to me and said “Uncle,
uncle, what you want to drink?”, then she disappeared
towards her bedroom.
Keeping in mind
the 2-year-old’s level of communicative
competence
, explain how the pragmatic notions of
illocution
and
perlocution
crucially help us understand this
funny episode.
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Illocutionary Utterance
Speaker-oriented
Has an communicative intent to induce an action
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative
Hearer-based
Has behavioral consequences on the hearer
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative
Perlocutionary Utterance
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Illocutionary Utterance
“Go ask your uncle
what he wants to
drink…”
Intent
Find out what drink Uncle wants and
get back to me
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Perlocutionary behaviour
“Mummy said to
ask what Uncle
wants to drink
”
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
What child understands
Find out what Uncle wants to drink and
no need get back to mummy
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Competency of a 2 year old:
•
Process literal meaning as presented
•
Do not understand true intent of context
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN
SINGAPORE
Jiajun
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference.
With great regret, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of
Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party.
I
h
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v
e
r
e
s
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g
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f
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
.
I have resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP and to Parliament.
I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the
best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties.
I am deeply sorry for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone
who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my
family.
I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this
difficult period. Thank you.
- Michael Palmer
Speaker of Parliament
Effective?
Yes!
Duh
No repercussion to PAP after public apology
Sincere
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN
SINGAPORE
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference.
With great regret
, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of
Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party.
I
h
a
v
e
r
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
t
a
k
e
f
u
l
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
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l
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t
y
f
o
r
a
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r
a
v
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d
.
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.
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f
j
u
d
g
m
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n
t
.
I have
resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP
and to Parliament.
I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the
best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties.
I am deeply sorry
for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone
who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my
family.
I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this
difficult period. Thank you.
- Michael Palmer
Speaker of Parliament
•
Sincere Expression of Remorse
•
“
With great regret
”
•
“
I am deeply sorry
”
•
Admission of fault
•
“My conduct was improper”
•
Taking responsibility
•
“to take full responsibility”
•
“resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP”
•
Public Apology
•
Press conference
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN
SINGAPORE
Similar cases
Jack Neo, Jesslyn Tan, Anton Casey
http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20121212-389136.html
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN
SINGAPORE
The End~
Dive into the intricacies of speech act theory with a focus on direct and indirect speech acts, illocutionary and perlocutionary forces, and performative verbs. Explore various linguistic forms including interrogative and declarative structures to understand how language can be used to convey intentions and requests effectively.
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PRAGMATICS TUTORIAL 8 CHAN YI HAO HO JIA DA TAN HUI MIN WU JIAJUN
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY Two Forces Illocutionary Perlocutionary Two Forms Direct Speech Act Indirect Speech Act
QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY Performative Verbs Meaning of the verb is PERFORMED by simply UTTERING it in the sentence. Examples I apologise for my ugly presentation slides I promise to work hard for this module
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION Direct, Performative Verb May I enquire about the criteria for admission to NUS? Intention: Illicit Information (Question) Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION Direct, without Performative Verb Why on earth do you want to enroll in NUS? Intention: Illicit Information (Question) Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1A: QUESTION Indirect I am running out of patience Intention: Illicit Information (Question) Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST Direct, with Performative Verb I demand a diamond ring, necklace and bracelet this Valentines Day. Intention: Request/Order Linguistic Imperative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST Direct, no Performative Verb Please understand my current financial situation Intention: Request/Order Linguistic Form: Imperative
QUESTION 1B: REQUEST Indirect Can t you afford the ring at least? Intention: Request/Order Linguistic Form: Interrogative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE Direct, with Performative Verb I swear that I will make you pay for murder Intention: Promise (Declaration) Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE Direct, no Performative Verb I will never kill again if you spare me Intention: Promise Linguistic Form: Declarative
QUESTION 1C: PROMISE Indirect Prepare to meet your inevitable doom Intention: Promise (Declaration) Linguistic Form: Imperative
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION Yi Hao
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION Cooperative principle: How people interact with one another 4 Gricean Maxim of Conversation Quality Quantity Relation Manner False information Be as informative as required Be relevant Avoid ambiguity and obscurity Lack adequate evidence Be brief and orderly Do not be too informative
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION He s so well spoken that you can getlulled into thinking that you believe him. Then, after a while, you start to realize that most of what he s saying is just unfounded opinion. He never backs up his statements with anything factual. Answer: Maxim of Quality
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION Her lectures are really hard to understand. I think that she knows what she s talking about, but she uses all this complicated vocabulary, and she never defines any of the words. Plus, every sentence is about a million words long, and by the time you figure out what it meant, she s giving you another sentence that s even more complicated! Aiyoh Answer: Maxim of Manner & Maxim of Quantity (too much)
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION His classes are hard to follow because he goes off on so many tangents. He ll be talking about Russian politics one minute, and then he ll veer off to tell us something about democracy in Ancient Greece. Then he ll get back to the Russian politics only to interrupt himself with a story about what his son did at breakfast this morning! OMG Answer: Maxim of Relation & Maxim of Manner
QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION I feel as though she never gives us thorough answers to our questions. For example, I asked her yesterday why we shiver when we re cold. All she said was because you re warm-blooded, and then she went to with her lecture. I already knew that people are warm-blooded, but I don t know what this has to do with shivering. Damn it! Answer: Maxim of Quantity (too little)
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Hui Min
The following is a true story involving a mother and her 2- year-old daughter. The mother is busy preparing dinner, and tells the child: Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink. The child runs to the living room where the uncle is relaxing, and doesn t come back. After a good 15 minutes, the mother checks with the uncle, who says: Yeah, she did come to me and said Uncle, uncle, what you want to drink? , then she disappeared towards her bedroom. Keeping in mind the 2-year-old s level of communicative competence, explain how the pragmatic notions of illocution and perlocution crucially help us understand this funny episode.
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Illocutionary Utterance Speaker-oriented Has an communicative intent to induce an action Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Perlocutionary Utterance Hearer-based Has behavioral consequences on the hearer Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Illocutionary Utterance Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Intent Find out what drink Uncle wants and get back to me
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Perlocutionary behaviour Mummy said to ask what Uncle wants to drink
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE What child understands Find out what Uncle wants to drink and no need get back to mummy
QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Competency of a 2 year old: Process literal meaning as presented Do not understand true intent of context No No need to get back to Mummy instruction to get back to Mummy =
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE Jiajun
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference. With great regret, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party. I haveresigned to take full responsibility for a grave mistake that I have committed. I had a relationship with a member of the People's Association staff working in Pasir Ris- Punggol GRC. While the individual did not work with me directly, Punggol East used to be part of the GRC and continues to work with it. My conduct was improper and it was a serious error of judgment. I have resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP and to Parliament. I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties. I am deeply sorry for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my family. I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this difficult period. Thank you. - Michael Palmer Speaker of Parliament
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE Effective? Yes! Duh No repercussion to PAP after public apology Sincere
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference. With great regret, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party. I haveresigned to take full responsibility for a grave mistake that I have committed. I had a relationship with a member of the People's Association staff working in Pasir Ris- Punggol GRC. While the individual did not work with me directly, Punggol East used to be part of the GRC and continues to work with it. My conduct was improper and it was a serious error of judgment. I have resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP and to Parliament. I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties. I am deeply sorry for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my family. I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this difficult period. Thank you. - Michael Palmer Speaker of Parliament
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE Sincere Expression of Remorse With great regret I am deeply sorry Admission of fault My conduct was improper Taking responsibility to take full responsibility resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP Public Apology Press conference
Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE Similar cases Jack Neo, Jesslyn Tan, Anton Casey The End~ http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20121212-389136.html
