Silent Languages: Sign Language, Body Language, and Nonverbal Communication
The Anthropology of Language: An
Introduction to Linguistic
Anthropology
Chapter 5
Silent Languages
1
The transmission of messages w/o
spoken word
–
Sign languages
•
analyzing signs
–
Gestures and nonverbal communication
–
Speech substitutes
–
Body language
•
Smell, Taste, Touch
•
Proxemics & Kinesics
–
gender, status, culture & space
–
types of gestures
–
Gesture systems
2
Sign language IS language
•
‘Language performed in three-dimensional space’
•
Generally associated with deaf people
•
Often associated with Deaf people
•
Natural vs. Manually Coded sign languages
–
Syntax is complex, unique to specific language
•
American Sign Language (ASL; Ameslan) vs. British
–
Mutually unintelligible; not based on English syntax
•
Signs = concepts, not words (‘right’ vs. ‘right’)
•
Syntax = one sign can stand for several words
–
E.g., “I-ask-her” is one sign
»
vs. Signed English (SEE1 & 2) which follows English syntax
3
•
Primes
–
Basic elements of signs (correspond to phonemes?)
–
Combine into morphemes
•
Three kinds of primes
–
Hand shape
•
Fist (A), Flat (B), Cupped (C)
–
Hand placement
–
Hand movement
•
Minimal pairs
–
Apple vs. candy (shape: fist hand vs. cupped hand)
–
Summer vs. ugly (place: forehead vs. nose level)
Analyzing Signs
4
Sign language is NOT gesture
•
View this
ASL
example
–
Can you separate the gesture from the sign?
–
What elements of paralanguage play a key role in
this performance?
–
Note the gender shift as the performer moves
from his pre-performance self to the performance
self
•
Men typically perform signs lower than women
5
Body Language
•
Learned in cultural groups
•
Interpreted unconsciously
•
Often overrides verbal language
•
~60% of communication?
•
Beware of guidebooks.
6
Smell, Taste, and Touch
•
Smell
–
And ethnicity, culture
–
Cigars, perfumes and status
•
Taste
–
And group membership
•
Spicy foods…
•
Touch
–
And gender and power
•
Relation to proxemics…
7
Proxemics
•
Edward Hall, 1950s
•
How people perceive and use space
•
Cowboy proxemics
•
Getting to theatre seats
8
Gender, Status, & Space
•
Entering into someone’s ‘space’
•
Getting the ‘best’ office
–
Or the biggest bedroom
•
Having one’s own ‘space’
–
Dens vs. sewing rooms
9
Culture and Space
•
Different arrangements
–
US grids & French circles
–
German doors: closed vs. open
•
Different uses
–
Where to eat in the Comoros
•
Depends on gender, too
10
•
Kineme with allokines
–
Kinemorphs – meaningful units of visual
expression
–
Later, kinemorphs abandoned as a concept,
kineme comes to mean both the minimal and the
meaningful units.
Kinesics –
meaningful movement
(Birdwhistell)
11
Emblems – direct verbal translation
Illustrators – depict or illustrate what is being said
Affect displays – convey emotion
Regulators – control or coordinate interaction, for example
indicating that it is someone’s turn to talk
Adaptors – expressions of restlessness or unease, facilitate
the release of tension
Kinesics – another model of
meaningful movement
(Ekman and Friesen)
12
•
Where verbal communication is difficult
•
Topics and contexts are limited
–
Simple alternative systems
•
Little or no syntax
–
Sawmills, baseball games, sailboat racing
–
Complex alternative systems
•
Syntax based on spoken language:
–
Australian women mourners
–
Some monastic orders
•
Syntax independent of any spoken language
–
Native American Plains sign language
»
Signs used in varying order
Gesture Systems
13
Typology of Gestures
•
Eckman & Friesen, 1960s
–
Emblems
•
Translatable (waving)
–
Illustrators
•
Of what is said (steering)
–
Affect Displays
•
Convey emotion (smiling)
–
Regulators
•
Control or coordinate (pointing)
–
Adaptors
•
Facilitate release (wiggling)
14
Gesture Systems
•
Where verbal communication is difficult
•
Topics and contexts are limited
–
Simple alternative systems
•
Little or no syntax
–
Sawmills, baseball games, sailboat racing
–
Complex alternative systems
•
Syntax based on spoken language:
–
Australian women mourners
–
Some monastic orders
•
Syntax independent of any spoken language
–
Native American Plains sign language
»
Signs used in varying order
15
Speech Substitutes
•
Sound signals substitute for spoken words
–
Or parts of words
•
Useful for communicating over distances
•
Examples:
–
Drum languages
•
based on tones (Nigeria)
–
Whistle languages
•
based on tones (Mazateco)
•
based on vowels (La Gomera)
–
different whistled pitches = different vowels
16
Speech substitutes
•
Present only parts of words, listeners fill in the
blanks.
•
Stereotyped and predictable.
•
How are these different from
ASL
?
–
ASL is a language, NOT a speech substitute!
•
How are
ASL and SEE
different?
17
Filling in the blanks
•
Yoruba talking
drums
•
Use of a
“talk-box
,” from the Master
18
Creating a Language
•
Create a proxemic system
–
define degrees of space:
•
private, personal, social & public
•
Create two or three gestures:
–
friendly, obscene, teasing, aggressive, etc.
•
Practice! Use your greetings and proxemics
rules, try out your gestures.
19
Next:
•
Language in Action
–
Read:
•
Textbook Chapter 6
•
Workbook/Reader:
–
Good Tracks (pp. 121-126)
–
Prepare to do:
•
Writing/Discussion Exercises (W/R p.
127-130
)
•
Practice with Languages (W/R pp.
131-132)
•
Language Creating (W/R p. 135)
•
Conversation partnering (W/R p. 136)
20
Delve into the world of silent languages through an introduction to linguistic anthropology in Chapter 5. Explore the transmission of messages without spoken words, the intricacies of sign languages, gestures, body language, and nonverbal communication. Discover the unique syntax and complexity of sign languages like American Sign Language (ASL) and the role of paralanguage in communication. Gain insights into the cultural interpretations of body language, the nuances of smell, taste, and touch, as well as the significance of proxemics in spatial interactions.
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Presentation Transcript
The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology Chapter 5 Silent Languages 1
The transmission of messages w/o spoken word Sign languages analyzing signs Gestures and nonverbal communication Speech substitutes Body language Smell, Taste, Touch Proxemics & Kinesics gender, status, culture & space types of gestures Gesture systems 2
Sign language IS language Language performed in three-dimensional space Generally associated with deaf people Often associated with Deaf people Natural vs. Manually Coded sign languages Syntax is complex, unique to specific language American Sign Language (ASL; Ameslan) vs. British Mutually unintelligible; not based on English syntax Signs = concepts, not words ( right vs. right ) Syntax = one sign can stand for several words E.g., I-ask-her is one sign vs. Signed English (SEE1 & 2) which follows English syntax 3
Analyzing Signs Primes Basic elements of signs (correspond to phonemes?) Combine into morphemes Three kinds of primes Hand shape Fist (A), Flat (B), Cupped (C) Hand placement Hand movement Minimal pairs Apple vs. candy (shape: fist hand vs. cupped hand) Summer vs. ugly (place: forehead vs. nose level) 4
Sign language is NOT gesture View this ASL example Can you separate the gesture from the sign? What elements of paralanguage play a key role in this performance? Note the gender shift as the performer moves from his pre-performance self to the performance self Men typically perform signs lower than women 5
Body Language Learned in cultural groups Interpreted unconsciously Often overrides verbal language ~60% of communication? Beware of guidebooks. 6
Smell, Taste, and Touch Smell And ethnicity, culture Cigars, perfumes and status Taste And group membership Spicy foods Touch And gender and power Relation to proxemics 7
Proxemics Edward Hall, 1950s How people perceive and use space Cowboy proxemics Getting to theatre seats 8
Gender, Status, & Space Entering into someone s space Getting the best office Or the biggest bedroom Having one s own space Dens vs. sewing rooms 9
Culture and Space Different arrangements US grids & French circles German doors: closed vs. open Different uses Where to eat in the Comoros Depends on gender, too 10
Kinesics meaningful movement (Birdwhistell) Kineme with allokines Kinemorphs meaningful units of visual expression Later, kinemorphs abandoned as a concept, kineme comes to mean both the minimal and the meaningful units. 11
Kinesics another model of meaningful movement (Ekman and Friesen) Emblems direct verbal translation Illustrators depict or illustrate what is being said Affect displays convey emotion Regulators control or coordinate interaction, for example indicating that it is someone s turn to talk Adaptors expressions of restlessness or unease, facilitate the release of tension 12
Gesture Systems Where verbal communication is difficult Topics and contexts are limited Simple alternative systems Little or no syntax Sawmills, baseball games, sailboat racing Complex alternative systems Syntax based on spoken language: Australian women mourners Some monastic orders Syntax independent of any spoken language Native American Plains sign language Signs used in varying order 13
Typology of Gestures Eckman & Friesen, 1960s Emblems Translatable (waving) Illustrators Of what is said (steering) Affect Displays Convey emotion (smiling) Regulators Control or coordinate (pointing) Adaptors Facilitate release (wiggling) 14
Gesture Systems Where verbal communication is difficult Topics and contexts are limited Simple alternative systems Little or no syntax Sawmills, baseball games, sailboat racing Complex alternative systems Syntax based on spoken language: Australian women mourners Some monastic orders Syntax independent of any spoken language Native American Plains sign language Signs used in varying order 15
Speech Substitutes Sound signals substitute for spoken words Or parts of words Useful for communicating over distances Examples: Drum languages based on tones (Nigeria) Whistle languages based on tones (Mazateco) based on vowels (La Gomera) different whistled pitches = different vowels 16
Speech substitutes Present only parts of words, listeners fill in the blanks. Stereotyped and predictable. How are these different from ASL? ASL is a language, NOT a speech substitute! How are ASL and SEE different? 17
Filling in the blanks Yoruba talking drums Use of a talk-box, from the Master 18
Creating a Language Create a proxemic system define degrees of space: private, personal, social & public Create two or three gestures: friendly, obscene, teasing, aggressive, etc. Practice! Use your greetings and proxemics rules, try out your gestures. 19
Next: Language in Action Read: Textbook Chapter 6 Workbook/Reader: Good Tracks (pp. 121-126) Prepare to do: Writing/Discussion Exercises (W/R p. 127-130) Practice with Languages (W/R pp. 131-132) Language Creating (W/R p. 135) Conversation partnering (W/R p. 136) 20
