Role of Chaplains in Healthcare: Bridging Theory and Practice
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Complexity – Definition - Typology – Strategy
Sjaak Körver (TST)
13-9-2024
1
“Photography? … of
course, you take a
camera, you look through
the viewfinder, and you
press the release button.
Well, you have to set up
the camera a little bit, you
need some tricks.
Distance, light metering,
and a few other things.”
(Citroen, 1978)
13-9-2024
2
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3
From the chaplain’s perspective:
◦
A kind of resistance to use a fixed format for a case
report, or – in general – a methodical way of
working.
◦
Some trouble to describe the facts, their
interventions, and the underlying model or theory.
◦
A seemingly lack of a curious and inquisitive mind
◦
Serious hindrance by (theological) standards.
◦
Almost 50% use their own methodical model in
pastoral counseling.
(Bouwer, Unpublished study)
13-9-2024
4
From the perspective of the healthcare centre:
◦
What is the effect or outcome of the chaplain’s
intervention?
◦
Which of the chaplain’s interventions are potential,
plausible, functional, or even efficacious?
◦
What is the contribution made by chaplaincy or
spiritual care to the objectives and the primary
process of the health centre?
◦
On what theoretical and methodical foundations do
chaplains cooperate with other healthcare
professionals?
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5
◦
We need to know what chaplains really do, and what
the effects of their interventions are. Intentions are not
sufficient.
◦
We need a methodical and transferable way of working.
◦
We need an outcome oriented chaplaincy.
◦
We need research literate chaplains.
◦
We need bottom-up research, embedded in and
enhancing the chaplain’s practice, wherein chaplains
and researchers are partners.
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6
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7
Complexity and definition of a case study.
Typology and design of case studies.
Strategic position of case studies in
effectiveness research.
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8
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
13-9-2024
9
case study
noun
[ countable ]
a detailed account of the
development of a particular person,
group, or situation that has been
studied over a period of time
Differentiation between
◦
Cases as recordkeeping in practice.
◦
Case reports (especially in medicine) about new
observations or treatment effects.
◦
Case studies as an educational method.
◦
Case studies as a research design and strategy.
13-9-2024
10
“Any measurement you
performe without
knowing the uncertainties
shall be null and void”
(Lewin, 2012, p. 10)
13-9-2024
11
“You don’t have to eat a crate of apples to
know the taste of an apple?”
(quoted after Rubem Alves by Droogers, 2010, p.22)
Generalizing power?
Constant comparison?
Methodology?
Bias?
WEIRD & Christian?
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12
13-9-2024
13
(Yin, 2014, p. 1)
“Case study should not to be seen as a
method in and of itself; it is a design frame
that may incorporate a number of methods”
(Thomas, 2011, p. 512)
“Case study is not a methodological choice
but a choice of what is to be studied”
(Stake, 2005; quoted in Thomas, 2011, p. 512)
13-9-2024
14
“For a ‘case’ to exist, we must be able to
identify a characteristic unit… This unit must
be observed, but it has no meaning in itself.
It is significant only if an observer…can refer
it to an analytical category or theory. It does
not suffice to observe a social phenomenon,
historical event, or set of behaviors in order
to declare them to be ‘cases’. If you want to
talk about a ‘case’, you also need the means
of interpreting it or placing it in a context.”
(
Wieviorka, 1992, p. 160)
13-9-2024
15
A case study must comprise two elements:
1. A “practical, historical unity”: the
subject
2. An analytical of theoretical frame: the
object
13-9-2024
16
“Case studies are analyses of persons, events,
decisions, periods, projects, policies,
institutions, or other systems that are studied
holistically by one or more methods. The case
that is the
subject
of the inquiry will be an
instance of a class of phenomena that
provides an analytical frame – an
object
–
within which the study is conducted and
which the case illuminates and explicates.”
(Thomas, 2011, p. 513)
13-9-2024
17
The subject can be identified as a
◦
local knowledge case
◦
key case
◦
outlier case
The object constitutes the analytical frame
within which the case is viewed and which the
case exemplifies
(Thomas, 2011, pp. 514-515)
13-9-2024
18
“If people want sacred experiences, they will
find them here. If they want profane
experiences, they’ll find those too. I take no
sides”
(Rothko, 1961, p. 60)
13-9-2024
19
Purpose
◦
intrinsic – instrumental – evaluative – exploratory
Approach and Methods
◦
theory-testing – theory-building – illustrative –
descriptive
Process
◦
single: retrospective – snapshot – diachronic
◦
multiple: nested – parallel - sequential
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20
(Thomas, 2011, p. 518)
13-9-2024
21
When to use the case study design?
1. the type of research question posed:
how
and
why
questions
2. the extent of control a researcher has over actual
behavioral events:
no control
3. the degree of focus on contemporary as opposed
to entirely historical events:
contemporary
events
(Yin, 2014, p. 9)
13-9-2024
22
13-9-2024
23
(Yin, 2014, p. 9)
Evaluation of the effectiveness of chaplains’
intervention already carried out in actual
practice (bottom-up): largely underestimated
and widely neglected research designs.
Starting point is the study of interventions in
day-to-day practice: practice-driven
evaluation.
13-9-2024
24
Clear conceptualisation of the needed research.
Research enterprise in which researchers and
chaplains meet each other in order to gather
information about the effects and eventual
improvement of an intervention at the level of
the individual practioner.
A variety of research designs should be
available.
13-9-2024
25
A classification scheme is required to
characterise the nature of the evidence
available to date.
Involvement of the chaplains themselves in
effect studies. Practice-driven evaluation
should encourage practioners to participate
in research activities by learning them that
the research activities link up with their own
interests.
(Veerman & Van Yperen, 2007)
13-9-2024
26
13-9-2024
27
“And, finally, this is what I need to say to you.
There are things in your life that only you will
see, stories that only you will hear. If you don’t
tell them or write them down, if you don’t make
the picture, these things will not be heard.”
(Gowin, 2013, p. 64)
13-9-2024
28
Exploring the complexities of chaplaincy in healthcare, this content delves into the challenges faced by chaplains and the need for methodical approaches and outcome-oriented practices. It emphasizes the importance of collaborative research and highlights the role of chaplains in contributing to healthcare objectives. The discussion spans from resistance to fixed formats to the strategic position of case studies in effectiveness research.
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Presentation Transcript
Complexity Definition - Typology Strategy Sjaak K rver (TST) 1 13-9-2024
Photography? of course, you take a camera, you look through the viewfinder, and you press the release button. Well, you have to set up the camera a little bit, you need some tricks. Distance, light metering, and a few other things. (Citroen, 1978) 2 13-9-2024
3 13-9-2024
From the chaplains perspective: A kind of resistance to use a fixed format for a case report, or in general a methodical way of working. Some trouble to describe the facts, their interventions, and the underlying model or theory. A seemingly lack of a curious and inquisitive mind Serious hindrance by (theological) standards. Almost 50% use their own methodical model in pastoral counseling. (Bouwer, Unpublished study) 4 13-9-2024
From the perspective of the healthcare centre: What is the effect or outcome of the chaplain s intervention? Which of the chaplain s interventions are potential, plausible, functional, or even efficacious? What is the contribution made by chaplaincy or spiritual care to the objectives and the primary process of the health centre? On what theoretical and methodical foundations do chaplains cooperate with other healthcare professionals? 5 13-9-2024
We need to know what chaplains really do, and what the effects of their interventions are. Intentions are not sufficient. We need a methodical and transferable way of working. We need an outcome oriented chaplaincy. We need research literate chaplains. We need bottom-up research, embedded in and enhancing the chaplain s practice, wherein chaplains and researchers are partners. 6 13-9-2024
7 13-9-2024
Complexity and definition of a case study. Typology and design of case studies. Strategic position of case studies in effectiveness research. 8 13-9-2024
case study noun [ countable ] a detailed account of the development of a particular person, group, or situation that has been studied over a period of time (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 9 13-9-2024
Differentiation between Cases as recordkeeping in practice. Case reports (especially in medicine) about new observations or treatment effects. Case studies as an educational method. Case studies as a research design and strategy. 10 13-9-2024
Any measurement you performe without knowing the uncertainties shall be null and void (Lewin, 2012, p. 10) 11 13-9-2024
You dont have to eat a crate of apples to know the taste of an apple? (quoted after Rubem Alves by Droogers, 2010, p.22) Generalizing power? Constant comparison? Methodology? Bias? WEIRD & Christian? 12 13-9-2024
(Yin, 2014, p. 1) 13 13-9-2024
Case study should not to be seen as a method in and of itself; it is a design frame that may incorporate a number of methods (Thomas, 2011, p. 512) Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what is to be studied (Stake, 2005; quoted in Thomas, 2011, p. 512) 14 13-9-2024
For a case to exist, we must be able to identify a characteristic unit This unit must be observed, but it has no meaning in itself. It is significant only if an observer can refer it to an analytical category or theory. It does not suffice to observe a social phenomenon, historical event, or set of behaviors in order to declare them to be cases . If you want to talk about a case , you also need the means of interpreting it or placing it in a context. (Wieviorka, 1992, p. 160) 15 13-9-2024
A case study must comprise two elements: 1. A practical, historical unity : the subject 2. An analytical of theoretical frame: the object subject object 16 13-9-2024
Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the subject instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame an object within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates. (Thomas, 2011, p. 513) subject of the inquiry will be an object 17 13-9-2024
The subject can be identified as a local knowledge case key case outlier case The object constitutes the analytical frame within which the case is viewed and which the case exemplifies (Thomas, 2011, pp. 514-515) 18 13-9-2024
If people want sacred experiences, they will find them here. If they want profane experiences, they ll find those too. I take no sides (Rothko, 1961, p. 60) 19 13-9-2024
Purpose intrinsic instrumental evaluative exploratory Approach and Methods theory-testing theory-building illustrative descriptive Process single: retrospective snapshot diachronic multiple: nested parallel - sequential 20 13-9-2024
(Thomas, 2011, p. 518) 21 13-9-2024
When to use the case study design? 1. the type of research question posed: how questions 2. the extent of control a researcher has over actual behavioral events: no 3. the degree of focus on contemporary as opposed to entirely historical events: contemporary (Yin, 2014, p. 9) how and why why no control control contemporary events 22 13-9-2024
(Yin, 2014, p. 9) 23 13-9-2024
Evaluation of the effectiveness of chaplains intervention already carried out in actual practice (bottom-up): largely underestimated and widely neglected research designs. Starting point is the study of interventions in day-to-day practice: practice-driven evaluation. 24 13-9-2024
Clear conceptualisation of the needed research. Research enterprise in which researchers and chaplains meet each other in order to gather information about the effects and eventual improvement of an intervention at the level of the individual practioner. A variety of research designs should be available. 25 13-9-2024
A classification scheme is required to characterise the nature of the evidence available to date. Involvement of the chaplains themselves in effect studies. Practice-driven evaluation should encourage practioners to participate in research activities by learning them that the research activities link up with their own interests. (Veerman & Van Yperen, 2007) 26 13-9-2024
27 13-9-2024
And, finally, this is what I need to say to you. There are things in your life that only you will see, stories that only you will hear. If you don t tell them or write them down, if you don t make the picture, these things will not be heard. (Gowin, 2013, p. 64) 28 13-9-2024
