Prepare Your Research Interview Guide Effectively
Learn how to prepare for a successful research interview by determining your topic, audience, and interview type. Discover the importance of crafting relevant questions and the difference between open-ended and closed questions to yield insightful data. Explore the RAFT method for structuring your interview guide efficiently.
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Presentation Transcript
INTERVIEWING FOR RESEARCH INTERVIEWING FOR RESEARCH
WHAT IS A RESEARCH INTERVIEW? Research interviewing involves asking questions (speaking) and getting answers (listening) from people in a study. Interviews can be conversational, general, open-ended, or closed.
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE 1. Determine Topic (Research Question) 2. Determine Your Audience 3. Determine the type of interview you will conduct? Why? Conversational interview No predetermined questions Interviewer lets the conversation happen naturally General interview Intended to collect the same general areas of information (questions not required to be exactly the same) from all interviewees More focused than the conversational interview with some freedom and adaptability Open-ended interview Same open-ended questions are asked to all interviewees Interviews faster and yield data that can be more easily analyzed and compared Interviewer does not insert their own opinions but is casual and friendly Closed interview All interviewees asked the same questions and choose answers from the same set of alternatives (like a face-to-face multiple choice) Useful for those new to interviewing
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE (CONT.) 4. Complete RAFT (See example below) Role: Researcher Audience: Parents, Coaches, Students Format: Open-ended Interview This will allow me to ask all of the interviewees the same questions and it will be easier to analyze. Topic: Should youth be allowed to play contact sports if they are at risk of concussions?
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE (CONT.) 5. Write your interview questions. You must include at least one of each type and have a minimal of 10. Once interview questions are developed, then they will need to be tested to determine if you are getting the type of answers that you are looking for. Then they will need to be revised. Remember questions are either open or closed questions. An open-ended question allows the interviewee to choose their own answer and they usually require explanation. These questions start with What? Where? Who? When? How? Why?, however beware of Why? because it implies that there is a right answer. In addition, why infers a cause-effect relationship, which can cause the interviewee to feel defensive Closed questions require a one worded response such as yes/no, true/false, or offers a list from which the interview chooses from (like multiple choice).
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE (CONT.) Introduction Question Asking to get the interview started Can you tell me about.... Could you describe in as much detail as possible..... Why did you? Follow-up- Asking to extend the interviewee's answers to previous questions Could you expand on that point. You mentioned that....how did you feel about it. To follow on from a point the interviewee has made you do not necessarily have to ask a question. A nod, 'mm' or even a pause may indicate to the interviewee to carry on. Probing Questions Asking to explore the interviewee s answer on another level For continuation: Then what happened? For elaboration: Can you give me an example?, Do you have further examples of this?, Could you say something more about that. For steering the conversation: You mentioned that Probes can be non-verbal as well, such as using silence to encourage elaboration, or leaning forward to indicate interest
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE (CONT.) Specifying Questions Asking to gain further information about a particular aspect of the interviewee's answer and /or experience What did you think then? How did your body react? Have you experienced this yourself? What happened when you said that? What did he say next? What did you do then? How did X react to what you said? Silence Silence can is a method to forward the interview. It gives interviewee's an opportunity to reflect on what has been discussed and to offer additional information. Interpreting Asking interviewee to clarify their answer so you will understand You mean that ... ? Is it correct that you feel that ... ? What did you mean? These interview questions were adapted from Kvale S. (1996) InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviews, Sage Publications, California.
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR INTERVIEW GUIDE (CONT.) Design the Confidentiality Statement Let the interviewee who will have access to their answers and how their answers will be analyzed. Also explain how you will protect their names. They will sign this statement before any interview questions.
DURING THE INTERVIEW Before asking any interview questions: Choose a setting with little distraction. Explain the purpose and the type of the interview. Have interviewee sign the Confidentiality Statement. . Indicate how long the interview will take. Ask for permission to record the interview. During questioning: Begin the interview with simple, factual questions that the interviewee can easily answer. This will help put the interviewee at ease, and make her more talkative for later, more complicated questions. Take notes and record the interview. Ask only one question at a time. Be an active listener, but remain as neutral as possible. The interviewer should not show any strong emotional reactions to their responses to avoid altering the responses. Researchers suggest that you should act as if "you've heard it all before. Let them choose their own vocabulary and phrasing (language) when responding.
DURING THE INTERVIEW (CONT.) Challenge their claims, but not in a hostile manner. Always remain professional and polite. Some strategies for challenging are the following: Ask for elaboration Ask about opposing ideas Ask if they would respond differently under different conditions Listen for disconnects. People may say the believe one thing, but their actions prove that they actually do something else. This is called their espoused theories and their theories-in-use. Get past these by asking the following: Examples Specific things that they have done Remain in control of the interview at all times. The last question should be an invitation for the interviewee to add any final points or comments.
AFTER THE INTERVIEW Thank the interviewee for taking the time to talk to you. Make sure the tape recorder worked throughout the interview. Make any notes on your written notes. Clarify any unfinished notes or abbreviations for words Number the pages Write down any observations made during the interview. Where and did the interview occur Was the interviewee acting unusual? How? Were there any surprises during the interview?
DATA ANALYSIS Look through your notes for things that multiple people said. In order for it to be evidence, it must have been said by multiple people. Once you have decided on the relevant information, you could pick out key points and quotes to use as evidence. Finally, code the information. You would do this by applying labels to information that you have pulled out as relevant. Be sure to have a translator (legend) at the bottom, so your codes can be interpreted.
