Pramana in Indian Philosophy by Mr. Debajit Hazarika
INTRODUCTION
Philosophy
is an incessant search after knowledge. Epistemology
is the branch of philosophy which discuss the sources, conditions
and validity of knowledge. Knowledge means apprehension or
cognition of an object or fact. In Indian philosophy true cognition is
known as Prama. Prama means the valid knowledge which is free
from doubt and falsity. Pramana is the means or ways of attaining
valid knowledge or prama. In the absence of pramana no valid
knowledge can be achieved.
PRAMANAS
In Indian Philosophy there are six ways of valid knowledge or pramanas, The schools
of Indian Philosophy synthesis the all branches of philosophy as whole. The pramanas
can be discussed regarding the schools as follows:
CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE /JNANA
In the following there is an attempt to discussed about the sources of valid
knowledge distinctly-
a)
Pratyaksa/Perception :
All The schools of Indian philosophy admits
perception/pratyaksa as a source of valid knowledge or prama. There are
different views regarding the nature and meaning og pratyaksa. From the
etymological point of view pratyaksa means ‘dierct knowledge’ or ‘saksyat
jnana’. Perception is defined as knowledge which arises by contact of sens
organ with object. For example- we perceived a table.Here,a contact
between eyes and the object table.
•
b)
Anumana/Inference:
Anumana or Inference is defined as mediate
knowledge, which presupposes some other knowledge. Anumana is a
Sanskrit term which consists of two parts ‘Anu’ and ‘Mana’, which means
after a knowledge and reapectively. Etymologically Anumana means
knowledge which follows from some other knowledge. For example- By
perceiving smoke we can infer presence of fire.
c)Sabda/Testimony:
Sabda means the speech of reliable person or
statement of trustworthy text. Gautama the founder of Nyaya
defined Sabda as ‘Aptupadesahah Sabda’. For example-According
to Vedas Varuna is the custodian of Rta.
d)
Upamana/Comparision:
Upamana is the means of knowing and
unknown object trough its resemblance with another well known
object. For example-the statement, ‘a wild cow (Gavaya) is like a cow’, It
is an well known object. The person perceived in the forest a strange
animal like a cow and he get the knowledge of Gavaya.
e)
Arthapatti/ Postulation
: Arthapatti is coming from two words ‘artha’
and ‘apatti’, artha means ‘subject’ and appatti means ‘imagination’.
Therefore etymologically arthapatti means assumption/ supposition
of an unperceived facts without which consistency among perceived
facts cannot be reconciled. For e,g – We know that Hari is alive and
perceive that he is absent in his home, so we assume his existence
outside of his home.
•
f)
Anupalabdhi/ Non- Apprehension:
Anupalabdhi is the sixth ways of
valid knowledge accepted by Mimamsa Philosopher Kumarila Bhatta
and Advaita Vedantins. It means knowing the non existence of an
object. For e.g. The non existence of curd in milk; The non existence of
water in the pot.
Philosophy delves into the quest for knowledge, with Epistemology exploring sources and validity. In Indian philosophy, Prama signifies true cognition, attainable through Pramana - the means to achieve valid knowledge. This discussion covers the six pramanas within various philosophical systems and the classification of knowledge based on Jnana. The sources of valid knowledge, such as Pratyaksa (Perception) and Anumana (Inference), are also elaborated upon.
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Presentation Transcript
TOPIC : PRAMANA IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY PRESENTED BY MR. DEBAJIT HAZARIKA DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION Philosophy is an incessant search after knowledge. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy which discuss the sources, conditions and validity of knowledge. Knowledge means apprehension or cognition of an object or fact. In Indian philosophy true cognition is known as Prama. Prama means the valid knowledge which is free from doubt and falsity. Pramana is the means or ways of attaining valid knowledge or prama. In the absence of pramana no valid knowledge can be achieved.
PRAMANAS In Indian Philosophy there are six ways of valid knowledge or pramanas, The schools of Indian Philosophy synthesis the all branches of philosophy as whole. The pramanas can be discussed regarding the schools as follows: PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS PRAMANAS 1. CARVAKA 1. PRATYAKSA 2 BUDDHISM 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 3. VAISESIKA 1. . PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 4. JAINA 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 3. SABDA 5. SAMKHYA 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA, 3.SABDA 6. YOGA 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA, 3.SABDA 7. NYAYA 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA, 3. SABDA, 4. UPAMANA 8. MIMAMSA PRABHAKARA- 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 3. SABDA, 4. UPAMANA, 5. ARTHAPATTI, KUMARILA BHATTA-1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 3. SABDA, 4. UPAMANA, 5. ARTHAPATTI, 6. ANUPALABDHI. 9. VEDANTA ADVAITINS- 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA, 3. SABDA, 4. UPAMANA, 5. ARTHAPATTI, 6. ANUPALABDHI. VISISTADVAITINS- 1. PRATYAKSA 2. ANUMANA 3. SABDA
CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE /JNANA JNANA/ KNOWLEDGE SMRITI/ MEMORY ANUBHAVA/ PRESENTATION 1. YATHARTHA/ VALID 2. AYATHARTHA/ INVALID ANUBHAVA/ PRESENTATION PRAMA/VALID KNOWLEDGE APRAMA 1. PRATYAKSA/PERCEPTION 1. SAMKHAY/DOUBT 2. ANUMANA /INFERENCE 2. VIPARYAYA /ERROR 3. UPAMANA/ COMPARISON 3. TARKA /HYPOTHETICAL REASONING 4. SABDA /TESTIMONY
In the following there is an attempt to discussed about the sources of valid knowledge distinctly- a)Pratyaksa/Perception : All The schools of Indian philosophy admits perception/pratyaksa as a source of valid knowledge or prama. There are different views regarding the nature and meaning og pratyaksa. From the etymological point of view pratyaksa means dierct knowledge or saksyat jnana . Perception is defined as knowledge which arises by contact of sens organ with object. For example- we perceived a table.Here,a contact between eyes and the object table.
b)Anumana/Inference: Anumana or Inference is defined as mediate knowledge, which presupposes some other knowledge. Anumana is a Sanskrit term which consists of two parts Anu and Mana , which means after a knowledge and reapectively. Etymologically Anumana means knowledge which follows from some other knowledge. For example- By perceiving smoke we can infer presence of fire.
c)Sabda/Testimony: Sabda means the speech of reliable person or statement of trustworthy text. Gautama the founder of Nyaya defined Sabda as Aptupadesahah Sabda . For example-According to Vedas Varuna is the custodian of Rta.
d) Upamana/Comparision: unknown object trough its resemblance with another well known object. For example-the statement, a wild cow (Gavaya) is like a cow , It is an well known object. The person perceived in the forest a strange animal like a cow and he get the knowledge of Gavaya. Upamana is the means of knowing and
e) Arthapatti/ Postulation: Arthapatti is coming from two words artha and apatti , artha means subject and appatti means imagination . Therefore etymologically arthapatti means assumption/ supposition of an unperceived facts without which consistency among perceived facts cannot be reconciled. For e,g We know that Hari is alive and perceive that he is absent in his home, so we assume his existence outside of his home.
f) Anupalabdhi/ Non- Apprehension: Anupalabdhi is the sixth ways of valid knowledge accepted by Mimamsa Philosopher Kumarila Bhatta and Advaita Vedantins. It means knowing the non existence of an object. For e.g. The non existence of curd in milk; The non existence of water in the pot.
