Power-to-Gas Applications in Smart Grids: Overview and Case Studies

Power-to-gas (P2G) technology enables the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy, primarily green hydrogen. This process facilitates energy storage, load balancing, and the production of clean fuels, contributing to sustainability goals. The applications of P2G encompass large-scale renewable energy storage, ancillary services, and various support functions in the energy system. Case studies on storage optimization and methanation processes further highlight the versatility and potential of P2G technology in enhancing grid efficiency and sustainability.

• Power-to-Gas
• Smart Grid
• Renewable Energy
• Energy Storage
• Green Hydrogen

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1. ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid Power-to-gas applications Alexander Geust & Elias Keski-Nisula March 2024

2. Contents 1. Introduction: P2G and green hydrogen 2. Applications of P2G 3. Cases 4. Conclusion 5. References March 2024 Page 2

3. P2G in brief Power to gas is the process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy in the form of gas Most commonly green hydrogen (H2) is produced Electrolysis: water split into oxygen and hydrogen This can be done when there is a surplus of electricity in the grid Cheaper electricity -> increased financial gain Balancing the supply and demand in the electricity market Hydrogen can be further refined into other resources like ammonia or methanol These have their own applications, including decarbonization of challenging sectors March 2024 Page 3

4. P2G applications Storage (large scale and long term) of renewable energy Ancillary services Load balancing (primarily absorbing excess energy from the grid) Other important support functions in the energy system Source of clean fuel Contribution to sustainability targets etc. Gorre et al. (2019) March 2024 Page 4

5. P2G options Green hydrogen can be refined into several other options Gorre et al. (2019) March 2024 Page 5

6. Application 1: Storage Storage by absorbing excess renewable energy in the form of a gaseous chemical Key questions: What energy carrier to use? How to build an efficient and economical value chain? M. Yue et al. (2021) A. Mazza et al. (2018) M. Momeni et al. (2021) March 2024 Page 6

7. Case: Optimization of methanation process H2 and SNG processes have different ramp up speeds, conversion rates Buffer tank required Optimization of storage and metahanation capacities J. Gorre et al. (2020) March 2024 Page 7

8. Application 2: ancillary services Storing renewable electricity as P2G is load balancing Possibility of also supplying electricity through fuel cells, peaker plants etc In general, ancillary services provided amounts to flexibility: Congestion mitigation Frequency regulation Negative prices Voltage support What? Avoiding problems resulting from insufficient line capacity Maintaining grid frequency Avoiding negative electricity prices Maintaining acceptable voltage How? Storing energy instead of transmitting Bidding on control reserve Increase electrolyser consumption Power factor of fuel cells and electrolysers can be adapted J. Gorre et al. (2020) M. Yue et al. (2021) March 2024 Page 8

9. Application 3&4: Sustainable fuels & decarbonisation Hydrogen can be used directly as a fuel (eg. Hydrogen cars) It can also be refined into ammonia, methanol, other e-fuels When produced using renewable energy, P2G solutions can contribute to decarbonize many sectors, including Marine and air traffic (e-fuels) o Agriculture, chemical industry (ammonia) o March 2024 Page 9

10. Case: HAEOLUS Project with energy storage, mini-grid and fuel production with 2.5MW PEM electrolyser in northern Norway https://haeolus.eu/ Yue et al. (2021) March 2024 Page 10

11. Case: Jupiter 1000 Power-to-Gas produced hydrogen is injected into gas grid in France 15-20% blend of hydrogen allowable to avoid hydrogen embrittlement problem https://www.jupiter1000.eu/ ptgenglish Yue et al. (2021) March 2024 Page 11

12. Summary of applications Power to Gas (P2G) Sustainable fuels Decarboni- sation sation Sector coupling targets Decarboni- Sustainability Storage Storage Clean fuels Sector coupling (e.g. ammonia Sector coupling (e.g. ammonia) as fertilizer) Load balancing Ancillary services Ancillary services Load balancing Positive externalities in energy and other sectors Direct smart grid benefits March 2024 Page 12

13. Conclusions 1. P2G can support the smart grid through storage and ancillary services 2. Applying P2G in the smart grid results in benefits for energy and other sectors 3. Several different possible options and applications without a clear front-runner March 2024 Page 13

14. Source material used J. Gorre, F. Ruoss, H. Karjunen, J. Schaffert, T. Tynj l . Cost benefits of optimizing hydrogen storage and methanation capacities for Power-to-Gas plants in dynamic operation , Applied Energy 257, Oct. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113967 A. Mazza, E. Bompard, and G. Chicco. "Applications of power to gas technologies in emerging electrical systems." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 92, pp. 794-806, Apr 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.072 M. Momani, M. Soltani, M. Hosseinpour and J. Nathawani. A comprehensive analysis of a power-to-gas energy storage unit utilizing captured carbon dioxide as a raw material in a large-scale power plant . Energy Conversion and Management 227, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113613 M. Ozturk, and I. Dincer. "A comprehensive review on power-to-gas with hydrogen options for cleaner applications." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46.62, Aug. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.066 Yue, Meiling, et al. "Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 146, Apr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111180 Jupiter 1000 project webpages, available online: https://www.jupiter1000.eu/_files/ugd/940962_85bd2ced103946689b3db2842b339444.pdf J. Sepp nen, Hydrogen & electricity transmission network (2024), Fingrid / Aalto University, Aalto Hydrogen Breakfast, available online: https://www.aalto.fi/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/2024-02/Hydrogen_Breakfast_Presentation_JS.pdf HAEOLUS project webpages, available online https://haeolus.eu/ EWE, The colours of hydrogen , available online: https://www.ewe.com/en/shaping-the-future/hydrogen/the-colours-of-hydrogen M. Hinkkanen, Energy Networks for the H2 Economy (2024), Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, available online: https://www.aalto.fi/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/2024-02/Marko_Hinkkanen_H2.pdf Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, What are the different types of e-fuel? , available online: https://marine-offshore.bureauveritas.com/shipping- decarbonization/future-fuels/e-fuels March 2024 Page 14