Parts of Speech: Determiners and Beyond
Language Awareness for
Key Stage 3
5: Parts of Speech — Part III
1
Roadmap
•
So far, we have looked at several parts of speech, including
nouns
,
verbs
,
pronouns
,
adjectives
, and
adverbs
•
These parts of speech often refer to objects and activities in the
real world (e.g.
trees
,
running
)
•
In addition to these, there also several other parts of speech,
which are sometimes called
function words
•
These are geared toward indicating relationships among other
parts of a sentence
•
Today we will look at
determiners
,
prepositions
,
conjunctions
,
auxiliaries
, and
interjections
2
Determiners
•
There are several different types of determiner, including
•
Articles (
a
,
the
…)
•
Demonstratives (
this
,
that
…)
•
Possessives (
my
,
your
…)
3
Determiners
•
Why do we say that all these different words belong to a single
category?
4
Determiners
•
Why do we say that all these different words belong to a single
category?
•
Because it is only possible to use one of them at a time
1.
a my
friend
2.
your this
house
•
If we want to express these ideas, we have to find a different
way of saying them
3.
a
friend of mine
4.
this
house of yours
5
Determiners
•
Determiners provide different ways of classifying nouns:
•
New/old information
5.
Do you have
a
cat? Where is
the
cat?
•
Location (near/far)
6.
This
box is here, but
that
box is over there
•
Person
7.
My
coat is blue;
your
coat is black
6
Determiners
•
Determiners can vary from language to language
•
Some of the greatest variation is in the articles that different
languages have
7
Determiners
•
English has both a definite and an indefinite article
8.
I
saw
a
cat
9.
Where
is
the
cat
?
•
Some languages, like Irish, have only a definite article
10.
Chonaic
mé
cat
11.
Cá
bhfuil
an
cat
?
•
Other languages, like Latin, have no articles at all
12.
Vidi
felem
13.
Ubi
est
felis
?
8
Determiners
•
Articles in English and Irish are separate words
14.
Where
is
the
cat
?
15.
Cá
bhfuil
an
cat
?
•
In some languages, such as Swedish, articles are attached to
the noun
16.
Var
är
katt
en
?
This
-en
is the definite article
9
Determiners
•
Most languages have demonstratives, but languages can differ
in how these work
•
In English,
this
and
that
are single words
17.
This
man
18.
That
woman
•
In other languages, like French and Irish, the same meaning
may be expressed by combining separate words
19.
Cet
homme
-
ci
21.
An
fear
seo
20.
Ce
femme
-
là
22.
An
bhean
sin
10
Activity
•
Some of you may know other languages besides the ones
mentioned here
•
Do any of these languages have determiners that we haven’t
discussed?
•
Do any of these languages have fewer determiners than in
English?
•
If so, what do these languages do instead?
11
Prepositions
•
Prepositions
can express a relationship between a noun and
another noun, or between a noun and a verb
23.
The
letter
from
John
fell
under
the
table
•
In this example, the preposition
from
expresses the relationship
between the noun
letter
and the noun
John
•
The preposition
under
expresses the relationship between the
verb
fell
and the noun
table
12
Prepositions
•
Many prepositions refer to relationships in space (
in
,
over
,
under
)
24.
The plane flew
over
the mountains
•
Prepositions can also refer to relationships in time (
before
,
after
)
25.
We left
before
noon
•
Some prepositions describe more abstract relationships
(
despite
,
except
)
26.
They stayed
despite
the weather
13
Prepositions
•
Most prepositions can express more than one type of
relationship
27.
She said it
in
class
(space)
28.
She said it
in
the morning
(time)
29.
She said it
in
perfect seriousness
(manner — abstract)
14
Prepositions
•
T
h
e
s
e
w
o
r
d
s
a
r
e
c
a
l
l
e
d
p
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
n
o
u
n
•
I
n
s
o
m
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
J
a
p
a
n
e
s
e
,
w
o
r
d
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
a
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
n
o
u
n
30.
nihon
ni
in
Japan
•
When they are placed after the noun, these words are called
postpositions
15
Activity
•
There are some words that can function either as adverbs or as
prepositions.
•
For example,
down
in
climb
down
is an
adverb
, because it
modifies the
verb
on its own, but
down
in
climb
down
the
ladder
is a
preposition
, because it relates a
noun
to the
verb
.
16
Activity
•
Read the sample text in your handout
•
Underline
all the adverbs
•
Circle all the prepositions
•
Be sure to include words with just a single function, like
quickly
17
Solution
18
Solution
•
You can see the
adverbs
and
prepositions
marked below:
So the boat was left to drift
down
the stream as it would, till it
glided
gently
in
among
the waving rushes. And then the little
sleeves were
carefully
rolled
up
, and the little arms were
plunged
in
elbow-
deep
to get the rushes a good long way
down
before
breaking them
off
— and
for
a while Alice forgot
all
about
the Sheep and the knitting, as she bent
over
the
side
of
the boat,
with
just
the ends
of
her tangled hair dipping
into
the water
19
Conjunctions
•
Conjunctions
are words that combine separate, independent
sentences into a single, larger sentence
31.
The sky is blue
32.
The grass is green
33.
The sky is blue
and
the grass is green
20
Conjunctions
•
Some conjunctions (e.g.
and
,
or
) are
coordinating
conjunctions
•
They simply link sentences without saying that there is any
relation between them
34.
The sky is blue
and
there are no clouds
35.
The sky is blue
and
the grass is green
21
Conjunctions
•
Other conjunctions (e.g.
because
,
while
) are
subordinating
conjunctions
•
They make the meaning of one sentence dependent on the
other in some way
36.
The sky is blue
because
there are no clouds
37.
The sky is blue
because
the grass is green
22
Conjunctions
•
One type of word used to combine sentences is sometimes
called a
complementizer
•
Complementizers
allow what was originally a separate sentence
to become the
complement
of a
noun
or a
verb
38.
There is a
possibility
that
it might rain
39.
John
asked
whether
you were coming
23
Auxiliaries
•
Auxiliaries
are another type of function word
•
Auxiliaries
are special verbs used to modify the meaning of
other verbs
24
Auxiliaries
•
In English, without auxiliaries all you would have is a present tense
and a past tense
40.
They
swim
41.
They
swam
•
Auxiliaries let you make additional distinctions in terms of time and
possibility
42.
They
are
swimming
43.
They
have
swum
44.
They
will
swim
45.
They
may
swim
25
Auxiliaries
•
Many auxiliaries can also be used as ordinary verbs
•
Their meaning will change depending on how they are used
46.
John
has
a hat
47.
John
has
swum
Here
have
is an ordinary verb, used with a noun.
It means that John owns a hat
Here
have
is an auxiliary, used with another verb.
It doesn’t mean that John owns swimming;
instead, it locates John’s swimming in time
26
Auxiliaries
•
Concepts expressed in English with an auxiliary can be
expressed with a simple verb in many other languages
48.
Ciceáilíodh
mé
(Irish)
I
got
kicked
49.
Ils
nageaient
(French)
They
were
swimming
50.
Marcus
cecidit
(Latin)
Marcus
has
fallen
51.
Héktōr
aeídoi
(Greek)
Hector
may
sing
27
Interjections
•
Another part of speech, which we will mention briefly, is
interjections
•
Interjections
are words like
oh
and
ah
, which sit outside the main
structure of the sentence
•
They have little effect on meaning
52.
Mary arrived yesterday
53.
Oh
, Mary arrived yesterday
•
You can see that if the first sentence is true, the second will always
be true, and vice versa
•
However, there is a subtle distinction in terms of the speaker’s
attitude
28
Conclusion
•
We have now looked at many parts of speech:
nouns
,
verbs
,
pronouns
,
adjectives
,
adverbs
,
determiners
,
prepositions
,
conjunctions
,
auxiliaries
, and
interjections
•
Some of these, such as
nouns
and
verbs
, exist in all languages
•
Others, such as
articles
and
auxiliaries
, do not
•
T
h
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
s
e
e
n
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
a
c
r
o
s
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
i
n
v
e
r
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
29
Exploring determiners as part of speech, including articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Learn how determiners classify nouns based on different criteria and discover the variations in determiners across languages.
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Presentation Transcript
Language Awareness for Key Stage 3 5: Parts of Speech Part III 1
Roadmap So far, we have looked at several parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs These parts of speech often refer to objects and activities in the real world (e.g. trees, running) In addition to these, there also several other parts of speech, which are sometimes called function words These are geared toward indicating relationships among other parts of a sentence Today we will look at determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, and interjections 2
Determiners There are several different types of determiner, including Articles (a, the ) Demonstratives (this, that ) Possessives (my, your ) 3
Determiners Why do we say that all these different words belong to a single category? 4
Determiners Why do we say that all these different words belong to a single category? Because it is only possible to use one of them at a time 1. a my friend 2. your this house If we want to express these ideas, we have to find a different way of saying them 3. a friend of mine 4. this house of yours 5
Determiners Determiners provide different ways of classifying nouns: New/old information 5. Do you have a cat? Where is the cat? Location (near/far) 6. This box is here, but that box is over there Person 7. My coat is blue; your coat is black 6
Determiners Determiners can vary from language to language Some of the greatest variation is in the articles that different languages have 7
Determiners English has both a definite and an indefinite article 8. I saw a cat 9. Where is the cat? Some languages, like Irish, have only a definite article 10.Chonaic m cat 11.C bhfuil an cat? Other languages, like Latin, have no articles at all 12.Vidi felem 13.Ubi est felis? 8
Determiners Articles in English and Irish are separate words 14.Where is the cat? 15.C bhfuil an cat? In some languages, such as Swedish, articles are attached to the noun 16.Var r katten? This -en is the definite article 9
Determiners Most languages have demonstratives, but languages can differ in how these work In English, this and that are single words 17.This man 18.That woman In other languages, like French and Irish, the same meaning may be expressed by combining separate words 19.Cet homme-ci 21. An fear seo 20.Ce femme-l 22. An bhean sin 10
Activity Some of you may know other languages besides the ones mentioned here Do any of these languages have determiners that we haven t discussed? Do any of these languages have fewer determiners than in English? If so, what do these languages do instead? 11
Prepositions Prepositions can express a relationship between a noun and another noun, or between a noun and a verb 23.The letter from John fell under the table In this example, the preposition from expresses the relationship between the noun letter and the noun John The preposition under expresses the relationship between the verb fell and the noun table 12
Prepositions Many prepositions refer to relationships in space (in, over, under) 24.The plane flew over the mountains Prepositions can also refer to relationships in time (before, after) 25.We left before noon Some prepositions describe more abstract relationships (despite, except) 26.They stayed despite the weather 13
Prepositions Most prepositions can express more than one type of relationship 27.She said it in class (space) 28.She said it in the morning (time) 29.She said it in perfect seriousness (manner abstract) 14
Prepositions These words are called prepositions because they are placed before the noun In some languages, such as Japanese, words with the same meaning are placed after the noun 30.nihon ni in Japan When they are placed after the noun, these words are called postpositions 15
Activity There are some words that can function either as adverbs or as prepositions. For example, down in climb down is an adverb, because it modifies the verb on its own, but down in climb down the ladder is a preposition, because it relates a noun to the verb. 16
Activity Read the sample text in your handout Underline all the adverbs Circle all the prepositions Be sure to include words with just a single function, like quickly 17
Solution 18
Solution You can see the adverbs and prepositions marked below: So the boat was left to drift down the stream as it would, till it glided gently in among the waving rushes. And then the little sleeves were carefully rolled up, and the little arms were plunged in elbow-deep to get the rushes a good long way down before breaking them off and for a while Alice forgot all about the Sheep and the knitting, as she bent over the side of the boat, with just the ends of her tangled hair dipping into the water 19
Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that combine separate, independent sentences into a single, larger sentence 31.The sky is blue 32.The grass is green 33.The sky is blue and the grass is green 20
Conjunctions Some conjunctions (e.g. and, or) are coordinating conjunctions They simply link sentences without saying that there is any relation between them 34.The sky is blue and there are no clouds 35.The sky is blue and the grass is green 21
Conjunctions Other conjunctions (e.g. because, while) are subordinating conjunctions They make the meaning of one sentence dependent on the other in some way 36.The sky is blue because there are no clouds 37.The sky is blue because the grass is green 22
Conjunctions One type of word used to combine sentences is sometimes called a complementizer Complementizers allow what was originally a separate sentence to become the complement of a noun or a verb 38.There is a possibility that it might rain 39.John asked whether you were coming 23
Auxiliaries Auxiliaries are another type of function word Auxiliaries are special verbs used to modify the meaning of other verbs 24
Auxiliaries In English, without auxiliaries all you would have is a present tense and a past tense 40.They swim 41.They swam Auxiliaries let you make additional distinctions in terms of time and possibility 42.They are swimming 43.They have swum 44.They will swim 45.They may swim 25
Auxiliaries Many auxiliaries can also be used as ordinary verbs Their meaning will change depending on how they are used 46.John has a hat 47.John has swum Here have is an ordinary verb, used with a noun. It means that John owns a hat Here have is an auxiliary, used with another verb. It doesn t mean that John owns swimming; instead, it locates John s swimming in time 26
Auxiliaries Concepts expressed in English with an auxiliary can be expressed with a simple verb in many other languages 48.Cice il odh m I got kicked 49.Ils nageaient They were swimming 50.Marcus cecidit Marcus has fallen 51.H kt r ae doi Hector may sing (Irish) (French) (Latin) (Greek) 27
Interjections Another part of speech, which we will mention briefly, is interjections Interjections are words like oh and ah, which sit outside the main structure of the sentence They have little effect on meaning 52.Mary arrived yesterday 53.Oh, Mary arrived yesterday You can see that if the first sentence is true, the second will always be true, and vice versa However, there is a subtle distinction in terms of the speaker s attitude 28
Conclusion We have now looked at many parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, and interjections Some of these, such as nouns and verbs, exist in all languages Others, such as articles and auxiliaries, do not The sentences that you have seen show how it is possible to express the same meaning across languages in very different ways 29
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