Organisational Structure of Dental Care Facilities and Clinics
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DENTISTRY DEPARTMENT.
ERGONOMIC.
PLAN
1. Organisation of dental care
2. The structure of the dental clinic.
3. The structure of the therapeutic Department.
4. Dental Cabinet
- the standards and requirements (size, interior, lighting, ventilation and
heating system).
- organization unit of the doctor (installation, a table for the tray with the
tools and materials, chair of the doctor)
-organization unit nurse or physician assistant
The concept of ergonomics. Ergonomics of a dentist.
5. Standard provision of Junior and medium personnel.
DENTAL CARE
•
Is one of the most mass kinds of specialized medical aid. In
Soviet times it was based on the principles of statehood and
planning, accessibility and free of charge, preventive,
communication science and practice.
•Guide dental care is provided by Ministry of health of Ukraine,
the regional, territorial, municipal and district health
departments.
•In the organization of treatment and preventive care of the
administrative territory of the important role belongs to the
freelance chief dentist of the Ministry of health of Ukraine, oblast
and etc
DENTAL OUTPATIENT CLINICS
- independent dental clinics (regional, city,
district);
- dental squad multidisciplinary clinics;
- dental surgeries;
- self-supporting stomatologic polyclinics;
- private.
DENTAL CLINICS
•Departments, offices and dental laboratories are
located in separate premises or, as an exception, in
the adapted premises built in the building, subject to
certain rules.
•In the basements of buildings can only be placed
sanitary-household premises, personnel (dressing
rooms, showers, storage etc), with natural light
through the windows, as well as condensing units and
air-ventilation chamber lit by artificial light.
STOMATOLOGICAL POLYCLINIC
•Consists of: surgical, therapeutic, orthopedic the
dental laboratory departments. In each dental clinic
has a registry. If in a children's polyclinic Department,
then it must have a separate entrance, closet, room
for waiting, a bathroom and have no connect with the
Department for adults.
•Therapeutic Department includes treatment rooms,
physiotherapy room and sometimes x-ray. Often in the
therapeutic Department allocate periodontogical
cabinet.
STOMATOLOGICAL CABINET
•According to the existing regulations, the area dental
office one physician must be at least 14 m². If the
office is set a few chairs, its size calculated on the
basis of 7m² on each subsequent chair. If the
additional chairs universal dental unit area per
additional seat is increased to 10m².
•The height of the offices should be not less than 3
m, the depth unilaterally to natural light should not
exceed 6 m
•In therapeutic and orthopedic dental offices should
take place not more than three seats with mandatory
separation of jobs doctors opaque partitions height up
to 1,5 m
•Wall dental surgeries should be smooth, without
cracks. All of the angles and the junction of walls,
ceiling and floor should be rounded, without ledges
and decorations.
•All applied for interior decoration materials should be
only from the number of authorized Ministry of health
for the use in construction. The color of the wall and
floor surfaces in medical offices should be light tones
with the reflection coefficient of not less than 40 %
(salad, ochre). It is desirable to use a neutral light grey
color, not hinder the correct perception of colors
,shades of color of the mucous membranes, skin,
blood, teeth (natural and artificial), filling and
prosthodontic materials.
Floors in dental offices should lay polyvinylchloride
rolled material ( linoleum ) and does not have cracks,
why all seams are soldered with the help of special
burners or high-frequency welding. The flooring is with
linoleum should be up on the wall at the height of 5 -
10 cm and be terminated with a wall flush; plinth must
be internal (under the linoleum)
•In the newly organized dental polyclinics window dental
surgeries should be oriented towards the Northern direction to
avoid significant variations in brightness on the work places due
to direct sunlight in other types of orientation, and overheating in
the summer, especially in the southern areas of the country.
•When installing dental chairs in existing offices in two rows
unilaterally to natural light should use artificial light even in the
daytime in the second row of seats and doctors should
periodically change their jobs.
•In the offices of one-way natural daylight dental chairs are set in
the same number of light-carrier along the walls.
•In buildings dental clinics, dental offices, offices and
premises of dental laboratories should provide for
overall trade-and-exhaust ventilation with air exchange
ratio 3 times an hour to extract and 2 times per hour
by the inflow. Should be easy to open transoms or
vents in all areas.
THE EQUIPMENT OF THE DENTAL OFFICE
•
In dental offices therapeutic treatment are:
dental set, the patient's chair, two rotating chair
of the doctor and assistant table doctor (on
wheels), wardrobe for storage of tools, autoclave,
sink and sometimes compressor.
DENTAL UNIT
•This range of electrical, mechanical
and hydraulic elements, transforming
external energy into the energy of dental
instruments and designed to ensure the
required conditions for dental treatment.
ELEMENTS OF THE DENTAL UNIT
•armchair of the patient
•block a doctor (has electric and air actuator for work tips
•oil-free compressor is connected to the water supply and
sanitation, which are equipped with air cooling and water cooling
boron)
•block assistant (hydraulic system and aspiration system «saliva
ejector», «vacuum»)
•operating dental light and pedal (or pedal) a doctor.
Furthermore, the system may be equipped with additional
devices and equipment: the system of illuminating the cavity via
the tip, the built-in lamp for polymerization
POSSIBLE ADDITIONS
•
Illumination system carious cavity
through a tip, built-in lamp for
polymerization light-hardening materials,
computer radiovisiograph, endodontic
microscope and tip, scaler, negatoscope
DENTAL UNIT MUST COMPLY WITH THE
FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS
•Dental unit design must meet the requirements of ergonomics and maximally satisfy the
individual physiological characteristics of a dentist
•The design of the dental unit must meet the requirements of a particular treatment process
(quite «right» of functions, there is no excess, the «extra» functions) ;
•Installation must be comfortable and safe for the patient, her appearance and comfort
should have a positive influence on the subjective perception of patient quality of provided
dental care;
•Cost and installation design should correspond to the price category and the total interior
clinics, as well as personal taste doctor
•Brand, design and installation design should enhance the professional image of the doctor
in the eyes of patients, and in the eyes of colleagues - stomatologists;
•Installation must be reliable, the risk of equipment failure should be minimal;
•Installation should be ea sy to repair, it must be affordable service, delivery time of spare
parts should be minimal. In accordance with this requirement, while purchasing a system, be
sure to provide the possibility and availability, service, warranty and post-warranty repair.
DENTAL UNITS, THREE CLASSES
•Economy class - installation of low cost, high enough quality, but restricted to
the minimum necessary the doctor amount of functions. Also they are convenient
for the doctor and the patient, functional, but not differ exclusive design.
•Business - class - installation of an average price category, improved quality, to
enable you to use any tool and achievement of required adjustments. Such
installations have additional functions and features additional tools (photo,
ultrasound, lighting tips etc). In addition, these installations are completed with
more comfortable and ergonomic control system with functions of programming.
•Elite class. In this class includes the installation of a high-price category, created
on the basis of the latest technologies and original engineering and design
solutions. These installations have a number of additional features are equipped
with additional tools, computers and control system with functions of
programming. Comfort of such installations to the doctor and the patient
improved, they are highly functional, differ exclusive design
ERGONOMICS IN DENTISTRY
•The term «ergonomics» is composed of two Greek
words - «ergon» (work) and nomos (law). For the first
time a Polish scholar Yastshembovskiy in 1857.
•Ergonomics is the science of functional possibilities
of the person in work processes with the purpose of
creation of the optimal labor conditions, making the
work of high-performance and reliable at the same
time gives a person the necessary facilities and retain
its strength, health, work capacity.
ERGONOMICS IN DENTISTRY SOLVES THE
FOLLOWING PROBLEMS:
•Explores the influence of various factors of industrial
environment on the functional status and health of the person
and on this basis developing effective protection from their
harmful effects.
•Explores the anthropometric, physiological data of the person
and on this basis developing requirements for the design and
installation jobs.
•Examines the physiological and psychological data work
analyzers and on this basis, evaluates the effectiveness of
different types of displays used in the equipment design.
THE IMPACT OF ERGONOMICS AT IMPROVING DENTAL
INSTRUMENTS AND TO FACILITATE WORKING WITH HIM WAS
REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS:
- in standardization to reduce the number of tools;
- in a special laying tools, convenient for the doctor and nurses;
- in the construction of arms instruments, taking into account
anatomic-physiological peculiarities of running a brush of a
doctor;
-
the color marking of arms instruments minimal size of the
working parts to facilitate their discernment;
- in the corresponding modes, storage, disinfection and sterilization.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF ERGONOMICS IN
DENTISTRY
1. Engineering equipment, furniture, clothing and tools must take into
account the anthropometric measurements and anatomical and
physiological characteristics of the body of the healthcare worker.
2. Rational device dental offices and business premises on the basis of
scientifically - grounded standards.
3. Оptimal workplace organization personnel.
4. Differentiation ergonomic studies in accordance with the profile of the
profession.
5. Improve staffing by medical and professional selection of applicants
based on the profile of the future of clinical work.
6. Proper organization of work and rest regime, professional study of factors
harmful for health, prevention of occupational diseases.
The document outlines the organisation and structure of dental care facilities, including dental clinics, therapeutic departments, and dental cabinets. It covers topics such as ergonomics for dentists, standards for personnel, and the role of government health agencies in providing dental care. The content also discusses the different types of dental clinics and their specific requirements.
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Presentation Transcript
PLAN 1. 1. Organisation Organisation of dental care of dental care 2. The structure of the dental clinic. 2. The structure of the dental clinic. 3. The structure of the therapeutic Department. 3. The structure of the therapeutic Department. 4. Dental Cabinet 4. Dental Cabinet - - the standards and requirements (size, interior, lighting, ventilation and the standards and requirements (size, interior, lighting, ventilation and heating system). heating system). - - organization unit of the doctor (installation, a table for the tray with the organization unit of the doctor (installation, a table for the tray with the tools and materials, chair of the doctor) tools and materials, chair of the doctor) - -organization unit nurse or physician assistant organization unit nurse or physician assistant The concept of ergonomics. Ergonomics of a dentist. The concept of ergonomics. Ergonomics of a dentist. 5. Standard provision of Junior and medium personnel. 5. Standard provision of Junior and medium personnel.
DENTAL CARE Is Is one Soviet Soviet times planning, planning, communication communication science Guide Guide dental dental care the the regional, regional, departments departments. . In In the the organization organization of of treatment administrative administrative territory territory of of the freelance freelance chief chief dentist dentist of of the and and etc etc one of of the times it it was accessibility accessibility the most most mass was based mass kinds based on and and science and and practice care is is provided provided by territorial, territorial, kinds of of specialized specialized medical on the the principles principles of of statehood free free of of charge, charge, practice. . by Ministry Ministry of of health municipal municipal and and medical aid statehood and preventive, preventive, aid. . In In and health of of Ukraine, district district Ukraine, health health treatment and the important important role the Ministry Ministry of of health and preventive preventive care role belongs health of of Ukraine, care of of the belongs to to the Ukraine, oblast the the oblast
DENTAL OUTPATIENT CLINICS - - independent independent dental district) district); ; - - dental dental squad squad multidisciplinary multidisciplinary clinics - - dental dental surgeries surgeries; ; - - self self- -supporting supporting stomatologic stomatologic polyclinics - - private private. . dental clinics clinics (regional, (regional, city, city, clinics; ; polyclinics; ;
DENTAL CLINICS Departments, Departments, offices located located in in separate separate premises the the adapted adapted premises premises built certain certain rules rules. . In In the the basements basements of of buildings sanitary sanitary- -household household rooms, rooms, showers, showers, storage through through the the windows, windows, as air air- -ventilation ventilation chamber chamber lit lit by offices and premises or, built in in the and dental dental laboratories or, as as an the building, building, subject laboratories are an exception, exception, in in subject to to are buildings can premises, premises, personnel storage etc etc), ), with as well well as as condensing by artificial artificial light can only personnel (dressing with natural natural light condensing units light. . only be be placed placed (dressing light and units and
STOMATOLOGICAL POLYCLINIC Consists Consists of of: : surgical, dental dental laboratory laboratory departments has has a a registry registry. . If If in in a a children's then then it it must must have have a a separate for for waiting, waiting, a a bathroom bathroom and Department Department for for adults Therapeutic Therapeutic Department Department includes physiotherapy physiotherapy room room and therapeutic therapeutic Department Department cabinet cabinet. . surgical, therapeutic, therapeutic, orthopedic departments. . In In each children's polyclinic polyclinic Department, separate entrance, entrance, closet, and have have no no connect adults. . includes treatment and sometimes sometimes x x- -ray allocate allocate orthopedic the each dental dental clinic Department, closet, room connect with the clinic room the with the treatment rooms, ray. . Often Often in in the periodontogical periodontogical rooms, the
STOMATOLOGICAL CABINET According According to to the office office one one physician office office is is set set a a few basis basis of of 7 7m additional additional chairs additional additional seat The The height height of of the m, m, the the depth depth unilaterally exceed exceed 6 6 m m the existing existing regulations, physician must must be few chairs, chairs, its m on on each each subsequent chairs universal universal dental seat is is increased increased to to 10 the offices offices should unilaterally to to natural regulations, the be at at least its size size calculated calculated on subsequent chair dental unit 10m m . . should be be not natural light light should the area area dental least 14 14 m m . . If If the dental the on the the the per chair. . If If the unit area area per not less less than should not than 3 3 not
In therapeutic and orthopedic dental offices should In therapeutic and orthopedic dental offices should take place not more than three seats with mandatory take place not more than three seats with mandatory separation of jobs doctors opaque partitions height up separation of jobs doctors opaque partitions height up to 1,5 m to 1,5 m Wall dental surgeries should be smooth, without Wall dental surgeries should be smooth, without cracks. All of the angles and the junction of walls, cracks. All of the angles and the junction of walls, ceiling and floor should be rounded, without ledges ceiling and floor should be rounded, without ledges and decorations. and decorations.
All All applied applied for only only from from the for for the the use floor floor surfaces surfaces in in medical with with the the reflection reflection coefficient (salad, (salad, ochre) ochre). . It It is is desirable color, color, not not hinder hinder the ,shades ,shades of of color color of of the blood, blood, teeth teeth prosthodontic prosthodontic materials materials. . for interior interior decoration the number number of of authorized use in in construction construction. . The medical offices coefficient of of not desirable to to use the correct the mucous (natural (natural decoration materials authorized Ministry The color color of of the offices should should be not less use a a neutral correct perception perception of of colors mucous membranes, membranes, skin, and and artificial), artificial), materials should Ministry of of health the wall be light light tones less than than 40 neutral light should be health wall and tones 40 % % light grey colors be and grey skin, and and filling filling
Floors Floors in in dental rolled rolled material material ( ( linoleum why why all all seams seams are burners burners or or high high- -frequency linoleum linoleum should should be 10 10 cm cm and and be be terminated be be internal internal (under (under the dental offices linoleum ) ) and are soldered soldered with frequency welding be up up on terminated with the linoleum) linoleum) offices should should lay and does with the welding. . The on the the wall wall at at the with a a wall lay polyvinylchloride polyvinylchloride does not not have have cracks, the help help of of special The flooring flooring is is with the height height of of 5 5 - - wall flush flush; ; plinth plinth must cracks, special with must
In In the surgeries surgeries should avoid avoid significant significant variations to to direct direct sunlight sunlight in in other the the summer, summer, especially especially in in the When When installing installing dental unilaterally unilaterally to to natural daytime daytime in in the the second periodically periodically change change their In In the the offices offices of of one the the same same number number of of light the newly newly organized should be organized dental be oriented oriented towards variations in in brightness other types types of of orientation, the southern southern areas dental chairs chairs in in existing natural light light should should use second row row of of seats their jobs jobs. . one- -way way natural natural daylight light- -carrier carrier along dental polyclinics polyclinics window towards the the Northern Northern direction brightness on on the the work orientation, and areas of of the existing offices offices in in two use artificial artificial light seats and and doctors window dental direction to to work places places due and overheating overheating in in the country country. . dental due two rows even in in the doctors should rows the should light even daylight dental along the the walls dental chairs walls. . chairs are are set set in in
In buildings dental clinics, dental offices, offices and In buildings dental clinics, dental offices, offices and premises of dental laboratories should provide for premises of dental laboratories should provide for overall trade overall trade- -and and- -exhaust ventilation with air exchange exhaust ventilation with air exchange ratio 3 times an hour to extract and 2 times per hour ratio 3 times an hour to extract and 2 times per hour by the inflow. Should be easy to open transoms or by the inflow. Should be easy to open transoms or vents in all areas. vents in all areas.
THE EQUIPMENT OF THE DENTAL OFFICE In In dental dental offices dental dental set, set, the of of the the doctor doctor and wheels), wheels), wardrobe wardrobe for sink sink and and sometimes sometimes compressor offices therapeutic therapeutic treatment the patient's patient's chair, chair, two and assistant assistant table for storage storage of of tools, compressor. . treatment are two rotating rotating chair table doctor doctor (on tools, autoclave, autoclave, are: : chair (on
DENTAL UNIT This This range and and hydraulic hydraulic elements, external external energy energy into instruments instruments and and designed required required conditions conditions for range of of electrical, elements, transforming into the the energy designed to to ensure for dental dental treatment electrical, mechanical mechanical transforming energy of of dental dental the ensure the treatment. .
ELEMENTS OF THE DENTAL UNIT armchair armchair of of the block block a a doctor oil oil- -free free compressor compressor is is connected sanitation, sanitation, which which are are equipped boron) boron) block block assistant assistant (hydraulic (hydraulic system ejector , ejector , vacuum ) vacuum ) operating operating dental dental Furthermore, Furthermore, the the system devices devices and and equipment equipment: : the the the tip, tip, the the built built- -in in lamp the patient patient doctor (has (has electric electric and connected to to the equipped with with air and air air actuator actuator for for work work tips the water water supply air cooling cooling and and water tips supply and water cooling cooling and system and and aspiration aspiration system system saliva saliva light light system may the system lamp for for polymerization polymerization and and may be system of of illuminating illuminating the pedal pedal (or be equipped equipped with (or pedal) pedal) with additional additional the cavity a a doctor doctor. . cavity via via
POSSIBLE ADDITIONS Illumination Illumination through through polymerization polymerization light computer computer radiovisiograph radiovisiograph, , endodontic microscope microscope and and tip, tip, scaler scaler, , negatoscope system system tip, tip, light- -hardening hardening materials, carious carious cavity cavity a a built built- -in in lamp lamp materials, endodontic negatoscope for for
DENTAL UNIT MUST COMPLY WITH THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS Dental Dental unit unit design design must must meet meet the the requirements individual individual physiological physiological characteristics characteristics of of a a dentist The The design design of of the the dental dental unit unit must must meet (quite (quite right right of of functions, functions, there there is is no no excess, Installation Installation must must be be comfortable comfortable and should should have have a a positive positive influence influence on on the dental dental care care; ; Cost Cost and and installation installation design design should should correspond clinics, clinics, as as well well as as personal personal taste taste doctor doctor Brand, Brand, design design and and installation installation design design should in in the the eyes eyes of of patients, patients, and and in in the the eyes eyes of of colleagues Installation Installation must must be be reliable, reliable, the the risk risk of of equipment Installation Installation should should be be ea ea sy sy to to repair, repair, it it must parts parts should should be be minimal minimal. . In In accordance accordance with sure sure to to provide provide the the possibility possibility and and availability, availability, service, requirements of of ergonomics dentist meet the the requirements requirements of of a a particular excess, the the extra extra functions) and safe safe for for the the patient, patient, her the subjective subjective perception perception of of patient ergonomics and and maximally maximally satisfy satisfy the the particular treatment functions) ; ; her appearance appearance and patient quality treatment process process and comfort comfort quality of of provided provided correspond to to the the price price category category and and the the total total interior interior should enhance enhance the colleagues - - stomatologists stomatologists; ; equipment failure failure should must be be affordable affordable service, with this this requirement, requirement, while service, warranty warranty and the professional professional image image of of the the doctor doctor should be service, delivery while purchasing purchasing a a system, and post post- -warranty warranty repair be minimal minimal; ; delivery time time of of spare system, be repair. . spare be
DENTAL UNITS, THREE CLASSES Economy class Economy class - - installation of low cost, high enough quality, but restricted to installation of low cost, high enough quality, but restricted to the minimum necessary the doctor amount of functions. Also they are convenient the minimum necessary the doctor amount of functions. Also they are convenient for the doctor and the patient, functional, but not differ exclusive design. for the doctor and the patient, functional, but not differ exclusive design. Business Business - - class class - - installation of an average price category, improved quality, to installation of an average price category, improved quality, to enable you to use any tool and achievement of required adjustments. Such enable you to use any tool and achievement of required adjustments. Such installations have additional functions and features additional tools (photo, installations have additional functions and features additional tools (photo, ultrasound, lighting tips ultrasound, lighting tips etc etc). In addition, these installations are completed with ). In addition, these installations are completed with more comfortable and ergonomic control system with functions of programming. more comfortable and ergonomic control system with functions of programming. Elite class. In this class includes the installation of a high Elite class. In this class includes the installation of a high- -price category, created on the basis of the latest technologies and original engineering and design on the basis of the latest technologies and original engineering and design solutions. These installations have a number of additional features are equipped solutions. These installations have a number of additional features are equipped with additional tools, computers and control system with functions of with additional tools, computers and control system with functions of programming. Comfort of such installations to the doctor and the patient programming. Comfort of such installations to the doctor and the patient improved, they are highly functional, differ exclusive design improved, they are highly functional, differ exclusive design price category, created
ERGONOMICS IN DENTISTRY The The term words words - - ergon time time a a Polish Polish scholar Ergonomics Ergonomics is is the of of the the person person in in work creation creation of of the work work of of high high- -performance time time gives gives a a person person the its its strength, strength, health, health, work term ergonomics ergonomics is is composed ergon (work) (work) and scholar Yastshembovskiy Yastshembovskiy in in 1857 the science science of of functional work processes processes with the optimal optimal labor labor conditions, performance and the necessary necessary facilities work capacity capacity. . composed of of two and nomos nomos (law) two Greek Greek For the the first 1857. . possibilities the purpose purpose of of making the reliable at at the facilities and (law). . For first functional possibilities with the conditions, making and reliable the the same same and retain retain
ERGONOMICS IN DENTISTRY SOLVES THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: Explores the influence of various factors of industrial Explores the influence of various factors of industrial environment on the functional status and health of the person environment on the functional status and health of the person and on this basis developing effective protection from their and on this basis developing effective protection from their harmful effects. harmful effects. Explores the anthropometric, physiological data of the person Explores the anthropometric, physiological data of the person and on this basis developing requirements for the design and and on this basis developing requirements for the design and installation jobs. installation jobs. Examines the physiological and psychological data work Examines the physiological and psychological data work analyzers and on this basis, evaluates the effectiveness of analyzers and on this basis, evaluates the effectiveness of different types of displays used in the equipment design. different types of displays used in the equipment design.
THE IMPACT OF ERGONOMICS AT IMPROVING DENTAL INSTRUMENTS AND TO FACILITATE WORKING WITH HIM WAS REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS: - - in standardization to reduce the number of tools; in standardization to reduce the number of tools; - - in a special laying tools, convenient for the doctor and nurses; in a special laying tools, convenient for the doctor and nurses; - - in the construction of arms instruments, taking into account in the construction of arms instruments, taking into account anatomic anatomic- -physiological peculiarities of running a brush of a physiological peculiarities of running a brush of a doctor; doctor; - the color marking of arms instruments minimal size of the the color marking of arms instruments minimal size of the working parts to facilitate their discernment; working parts to facilitate their discernment; - - in the corresponding modes, storage, disinfection and sterilization. in the corresponding modes, storage, disinfection and sterilization.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF ERGONOMICS IN DENTISTRY 1. Engineering equipment, furniture, clothing and tools must take into 1. Engineering equipment, furniture, clothing and tools must take into account the anthropometric measurements and anatomical and account the anthropometric measurements and anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body of the healthcare worker. physiological characteristics of the body of the healthcare worker. 2. Rational device dental offices and business premises on the basis of 2. Rational device dental offices and business premises on the basis of scientifically scientifically - - grounded standards. grounded standards. 3. 3. ptimal ptimal workplace organization personnel. workplace organization personnel. 4. Differentiation ergonomic studies in accordance with the profile of the 4. Differentiation ergonomic studies in accordance with the profile of the profession. profession. 5. Improve staffing by medical and professional selection of applicants 5. Improve staffing by medical and professional selection of applicants based on the profile of the future of clinical work. based on the profile of the future of clinical work. 6. Proper organization of work and rest regime, professional study of factors 6. Proper organization of work and rest regime, professional study of factors harmful for health, prevention of occupational diseases. harmful for health, prevention of occupational diseases.
