Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by D. Pegu
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BY
D. PEGU
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPTT. OF PHYSICS
HAFLONG GOVT. COLLEGE, HAFLONG
COURSE CONTENTS:
Introduction, Definition, length scale
Importance of Nanoscale and Technology
History of Nanotechnology,
Benefits and challenges in Molecular manufacturing:
Visions and Objective of Nanotechnology,
Nanotechnology in different fields:
Introduction and types of nanoparticles
Techniques of Synthesizing nanoparticles
Characterization of nanoparticles
Toxic effect of Nanoparticles
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
NANO PHYSICS:
Nanoscience:
Study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.
Nanotechnology:
Design, characterisation, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size on a
nanometre scale.
Nanomaterial:
Object that has at least one dimension on the nanometre scale
(app. 1-100 nm); material can be in one dimension (very thin
surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions (nanowires,
nanotubes, fibres) or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles,
quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro).
•
Nanoparticles
•
Nanocapsules
•
Nanofibers
•
Nanowires
•
Fullerenes (carbon 60)
•
Nanotubes
•
Nanosprings
•
Nanobelts
•
Quantum dots
•
Nanofluidies
Based on the size and shape, the Nano materials are
classified as follows
SIZE
A
meter
is about the distance from the tip of
your nose to the end of your hand (1 meter =
3.28 feet).
Millimeter
- One
thousandth
of meter.(10
-3
m)
Micron:
a
micron is a millionth of a meter
(or) one thousandth of millimeter (10
-6
m)
Nanometer:
A nanometer is one thousandth of a micron
(10
–9
m) (or) a billionth of a meter. ie.,
one
billion
nanometers in a meter
.
•
Composites made from particles of nano-size ceramics or metals
smaller than 100 nanometers can suddenly become
much stronger
than predicted by existing materials-science models.
•
For example, metals with a so-called grain size of around 10
nanometers are as much as seven times
harder and tougher than
their ordinary counterparts
with grain sizes in the micro meter
range.
•
The Nano particles affects many properties such as
Melting point
Boiling point
Band gap
Optical properties
Electrical properties
Magnetic properties
•
.Even the
structure of materials changes
with respect to Size
First
, Nanomaterials have a relatively
larger
surface area
when compared to the same mass
of material produced in a larger form.
Nano particles can make materials more
chemically reactive
and affect their strength or
electrical properties
.
Second,
quantum effects can begin
to
dominate the behaviour of matter at the
Nanoscale
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
w
e
l
l
•
It is a two dimensional system
•
The electron can move in two directions and restricted in one direction.
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
W
i
r
e
•
It is a one-dimensional system
•
The electron can move in one direction and restricted in two directions.
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
•
It is a zero dimensional system
•
The electron movement was restricted in entire three dimensions
Noparticles are of interest
because of the new properties
(such as
chemical reactivity and optical behaviour) that
they exhibit
compared
with larger particles of the same materials.
For example,
titanium dioxide and zinc oxide become transparent
at
the
nanoscale
and have found application in sunscreens.
Nanoparticles have a range of potential applications:
In the short-term application such as in
cosmetics, textiles and
paints
.
In the longer term applications such as
drug delivery
where they
could be to used deliver drugs to a specific site in the body.
Nanoparticles can also be arranged into layers on surfaces,
providing
a large surface area and hence enhanced activity, relevant
to a
range of potential applications such as catalysts.
Why Nano Particles ?
•
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.
1.
Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine
•
Nanoparticles can can
deliver drugs directly
to
diseased
cells in your body.
•
Nanomedicine
is the medical use of molecular-
sized
particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or
other substances
to specific cells in the human
body.
N
a
n
o
s
h
e
l
l
s
a
s
C
a
n
c
e
r
T
h
e
r
a
p
y
Nano shells are injected into cancer area and they recognize cancer cells. Then by
applying near-infrared light, the heat generated by the light-absorbing Nano shells has
successfully killed tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
•
In this diagram, Nano sized sensing wires are laid down across a micro fluidic channel.
As particles flow through the micro fluidic channel, the Nanowire sensors pick up the
molecular identifications of these particles and can immediately relay this information
through a connection of electrodes to the outside world.
•
These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with
carbon, silicon Nanowire
.
•
They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer and may help
researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes
Nanowires
–
used as medical sensor
Past
Shared computing
thousands of people sharing a
mainframe computer
Present
Personal computing
Future
Ubiquitous computing
thousands of computers sharing each
and everyone of us; computers embedded in walls, chairs, clothing,
light switches, cars….; characterized by the connection of things in
the world with computation.
2.
Nano Computing Technology
3.
Sunscreens and Cosmetics
•
Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are currently used in some
sunscreens, as they absorb and reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays.
•
Nanosized iron oxide is present in some lipsticks as a pigment.
4. Fuel Cells
The potential use of nano-engineered membranes to intensify catalytic
processes could enable higher-efficiency, small-scale fuel cells.
5. Displays
•
Nanocrystalline zinc selenide, zinc sulphide, cadmium sulphide and
lead telluride are candidates for the next generation of light-
emitting phosphors.
•
CNTs are being investigated for low voltage field-emission displays;
their strength, sharpness, conductivity and inertness make them
potentially very efficient and long-lasting emitters.
6.
Batteries
•
With the growth in portable electronic equipment (mobile
phones, navigation devices, laptop computers, remote
sensors), there is great demand for lightweight, high-
energy density batteries.
•
Nanocrystalline materials are candidates for separator
plates in batteries because of their foam-like (aerogel)
structure, which can hold considerably more energy than
conventional ones.
•
Nickel–metal hydride batteries made of nanocrystalline
nickel and metal hydrides are envisioned to require less
frequent recharging and to last longer because of their
large grain boundary (surface) area.
7.
Catalysts:
In general, nanoparticles have a high
surface area, and hence provide higher catalytic activity.
8.
Magnetic Nano Materials applications
•
It has been shown that magnets made of nanocrystalline
yttrium–samarium–cobalt grains possess unusual magnetic
properties due to their extremely large grain interface area (high
coercivity can be obtained because magnetization flips cannot
easily propagate past the grain boundaries).
•
This could lead to applications in motors, analytical instruments
like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), used widely in hospitals,
and microsensors.
•
Nanoscale-fabricated magnetic materials also have applications
in data storage.
•
Devices such as computer hard disks storage capacity is
increased with Magnetic Nano materials
.
•
Unfortunately, in some cases, the biomedical metal alloys
may wear out within the lifetime of the patient. But Nano
materials increases the life time of the implant materials.
•
Nanocrystalline zirconium oxide (zirconia) is hard, wear
resistant, bio-corrosion resistant and bio-compatible.
•
It therefore presents an attractive alternative material for
implants.
•
Nanocrystalline silicon carbide is a candidate material for
artificial heart valves primarily because of its low weight,
high strength and inertness.
9.
Medical Implantation
10. Water purification
•
Nano-engineered membranes could potentially lead to
more energy-efficient water purification processes, notably
in desalination process.
11.
Military Battle Suits
•
Enhanced nanomaterials form the basis of a state-
of- the-art ‘battle suit’ that is being developed.
•
A short-term development is likely to be energy-
absorbing materials that will withstand blast waves;
•
longer-term are those that incorporate sensors to
detect or respond to chemical and biological
weapons (for example, responsive nanopores that
‘close’ upon detection of a biological agent).
Delve into the fascinating world of nanoscience and nanotechnology as explained by D. Pegu, an associate professor at Haflong Govt. College. Learn about the fundamentals of nanophysics, nanomaterials, and nanotechnologies. Discover the impact of nanoparticles on various properties, including melting point, boiling point, and electrical properties. Explore the different types of nanomaterials such as nanotubes, quantum dots, and nanowires. Uncover the potential applications and challenges in the realm of molecular manufacturing. Get insights into the history, benefits, and objectives of nanotechnology, along with the techniques for synthesizing and characterizing nanoparticles. Gain knowledge about the significance of nanoscale and technology across diverse fields. Witness how composites made from nano-size particles can exhibit enhanced strength and unique properties beyond traditional materials.
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Presentation Transcript
TOPIC: NANO SCIENCE AND NANO TECHNOLOGY BY D. PEGU ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPTT. OF PHYSICS HAFLONG GOVT. COLLEGE, HAFLONG
COURSE CONTENTS: NANO PHYSICS: Introduction, Definition, length scale Importance of Nanoscale and Technology History of Nanotechnology, Benefits and challenges in Molecular manufacturing: Visions and Objective of Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology in different fields: Introduction and types of nanoparticles Techniques of Synthesizing nanoparticles Characterization of nanoparticles Toxic effect of Nanoparticles Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Nanoscience: Study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. Nanotechnology: Design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size on a nanometre scale. Nanomaterial: Object that has at least one dimension on the nanometre scale (app. 1-100 nm); material can be in one dimension (very thin surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes, fibres) or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro).
Various Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies Based on the size and shape, the Nano materials are classified as follows Nanotubes Nanosprings Nanobelts Quantum dots Nanofluidies Nanoparticles Nanocapsules Nanofibers Nanowires Fullerenes (carbon 60)
SIZE A meter is about the distance from the tip of your nose to the end of your hand (1 meter = 3.28 feet). Millimeter- One thousandth of meter.(10-3m) Micron: a micron is a millionth of a meter (or) one thousandth of millimeter (10-6m) Nanometer: A nanometer is one thousandth of a micron (10 9m) (or) a billionth of a meter. ie.,one billion nanometers in a meter.
Composites made from particles of nano-size ceramics or metals smaller than 100 nanometers can suddenly become much stronger than predicted by existing materials-science models. For example, metals with a so-called grain size of around 10 nanometers are as much as seven times harder and tougher than their ordinary counterparts with grain sizes in the micro meter range. The Nano particles affects many properties such as Melting point Boiling point Band gap Optical properties Electrical properties Magnetic properties .Even the structure of materials changes with respect to Size
First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when compared to the same mass of material produced in a larger form. Nano particles can make materials more chemically reactive and affect their strength or electrical properties. Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behaviour of matter at the Nanoscale
Quantum well It is a two dimensional system The electron can move in two directions and restricted in one direction. Quantum Wire It is a one-dimensional system The electron can move in one direction and restricted in two directions. Quantum dot It is a zero dimensional system The electron movement was restricted in entire three dimensions
Why Nano Particles ? Noparticles are of interest because of the new properties (such as chemical reactivity and optical behaviour) that they exhibit compared with larger particles of the same materials. For example, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide become transparent at the nanoscale and have found application in sunscreens. Nanoparticles have a range of potential applications: In the short-term application such as in cosmetics, textiles and paints. In the longer term applications such as drug delivery where they could be to used deliver drugs to a specific site in the body. Nanoparticles can also be arranged into layers on surfaces, providing a large surface area and hence enhanced activity, relevant to a range of potential applications such as catalysts.
1. Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and inside of cells. By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they have the potential to detect disease and the deliver treatment. Nanoparticles can can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body. Nanomedicine is the medical use of molecular- sized particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or to specific cells in the human body. other substances
Nano shells as Cancer Therapy Nano shells are injected into cancer area and they recognize cancer cells. Then by applying near-infrared light, the heat generated by the light-absorbing Nano shells has successfully killed tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
Nanowires used as medical sensor In this diagram, Nano sized sensing wires are laid down across a micro fluidic channel. As particles flow through the micro fluidic channel, the Nanowire sensors pick up the molecular identifications of these particles and can immediately relay this information through a connection of electrodes to the outside world. These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon, silicon Nanowire. They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer and may help researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes
2. Nano Computing Technology Past Shared computing thousands of people sharing a mainframe computer Present Personal computing Future Ubiquitous computing and everyone of us; computers embedded in walls, chairs, clothing, light switches, cars .; characterized by the connection of things in the world with computation. thousands of computers sharing each
3. Sunscreens and Cosmetics Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are currently used in some sunscreens, as they absorb and reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays. Nanosized iron oxide is present in some lipsticks as a pigment. 4. Fuel Cells The potential use of nano-engineered membranes to intensify catalytic processes could enable higher-efficiency, small-scale fuel cells. 5. Displays Nanocrystalline zinc selenide, zinc sulphide, cadmium sulphide and lead telluride are candidates for the next generation of light- emitting phosphors. CNTs are being investigated for low voltage field-emission displays; their strength, sharpness, conductivity and inertness make them potentially very efficient and long-lasting emitters.
6. Batteries With the growth in portable electronic equipment (mobile phones, navigation devices, laptop computers, remote sensors), there is great demand for lightweight, high- energy density batteries. Nanocrystalline materials are candidates for separator plates in batteries because of their foam-like (aerogel) structure, which can hold considerably more energy than conventional ones. Nickel metal hydride batteries made of nanocrystalline nickel and metal hydrides are envisioned to require less frequent recharging and to last longer because of their large grain boundary (surface) area. 7. surface area, and hence provide higher catalytic activity. Catalysts: In general, nanoparticles have a high
8. Magnetic Nano Materials applications It has been shown that magnets made of nanocrystalline yttrium samarium cobalt grains possess unusual magnetic properties due to their extremely large grain interface area (high coercivity can be obtained because magnetization flips cannot easily propagate past the grain boundaries). This could lead to applications in motors, analytical instruments like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), used widely in hospitals, and microsensors. Nanoscale-fabricated magnetic materials also have applications in data storage. Devices such as computer hard disks storage capacity is increased with Magnetic Nano materials
9. Medical Implantation Unfortunately, in some cases, the biomedical metal alloys may wear out within the lifetime of the patient. But Nano materials increases the life time of the implant materials. Nanocrystalline zirconium oxide (zirconia) is hard, wear resistant, bio-corrosion resistant and bio-compatible. It therefore presents an attractive alternative material for implants. Nanocrystalline silicon carbide is a candidate material for artificial heart valves primarily because of its low weight, high strength and inertness. . 10. Water purification Nano-engineered membranes could potentially lead to more energy-efficient water purification processes, notably in desalination process.
11. Military Battle Suits Enhanced nanomaterials form the basis of a state- of- the-art battlesuit that is being developed. A short-term development is likely to be energy- absorbing materials that will withstand blast waves; longer-term are those that incorporate sensors to detect or respond to chemical and biological weapons (for example, responsive nanopores that close upon detection of a biological agent).
