Mammalia Classification and Characteristics
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General
characters
•
Mammology-
study
of
mammals
•
Presence
of
hair
•
Female have
mammary
glands
for for
suckling
the
young
•
Skin glands such as sebaceous (oil) gland and
sweat
gland
present
•
Muscular
diaphragm
present
between
thoracic
and abdominal
cavity
•
Dicondylic
skull
•
Cervical vertebrae 7 in
number
•
Heterodont and thecodont
teeth
•
Warm
blooded
(homeothermic)
•
Small and non-nucleated
R.B.C.
•
Metanephric
kideys
•
Ureotelic excretion
•
Brain
highly
evolved and
convulated
•
4 optic lobes
forms
corpora
quadrigemina
•
Corpus callosum present connecting both cerebral hemispheres
except
monotremes
and
marsupials
•
12 pairs of cranial
nerves
•
External ear opening
with
pinna
except
monotremes and middle ear
with
malleus, incus and
stapes
•
Viviparous
except
egg
laying
monotremes
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ORDER-
MONO
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ORDER-
MARS
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Prototheria
protos
(Gr) first;
ther
(Gr) a wild animal.
proton, theriomorphic (having the form of an
animal.
Order Monotremata
:
monas
(Gr) single;
trema
(Gr) a hole. monotone, trematode (a
parasitic flatworm). Refers to the cloaca
(
cloaca)
Family Ornithorhynchidae:
ornithos
(Gr) a
bird;
rhunkhos
(Gr) a bill or snout.
Family Tachyglossidae:
takhus
(Gr) fast;
glossa
(gr) tongue.
ORDER-
MONOTREMATA
•
Cloaca
present
•
Teeth in
young
beak in
adult
•
Oviparous with reptile
like
C
haracters
Mammals
that
lay eggs with
leathery shells
and
nourish the
young
ones with milk from
primitive(open) mammary
glands.
•
Found only in Australian
region
•
Mammary glands without
teats
•
No corpus
callosum
•
Pinna
absent
•
No
placenta
•
Example-
Ornithorhynchus
(Platypus/duckbill) and
Echidna (spiny
anteater)
Subclass Metatheria
Meta
(Gr) can mean among or later, you pick;
ther
(Gr) a wild animal.
metatarsus (between the ankle and the phalanges, metatheria, between the
proto and the eu), theriomorphic (having the form of an animal,
ORDER-
MARSUPIALIA
•
Brood
pouch
or
marsupium present
in
female
•
Double
vagina
and
uterus
•
Corpus
callosum
absent
•
Pinna
present
•
Example- Macropus
(kangaroo)
Marsupials after
birth
SUBCLASS-
EUTHERIA
•
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ORDER-
INSECTIVORA
•
Small
primitive
mammals
•
Long pointed
snout
•
Plantigrade feet with
claws
•
Nocturnal
•
Dental
formula=
2
x
3143/3143
•
Example-
Sorex
(shrew)
O
R
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R
-
C
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b
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.
T
h
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n
a
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f
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"
•
Flying mammals
(bats)
•
Limbs are with patagium
(folds
of
skin)
•
Sternum with keel for
attachment of
flight
muscles
•
Large
pinnae
•
Knee are directed
backward
•
During daytime they
found
suspended by their
feet
•
Nocturnal
•
Capable of echolocation
which
helps them to locate object
during
flight
•
Example- Pteropus (flying
fox)
ORDER-
DERMOPTERA
Greek derma ‘skin’ + pteron ‘wing’
•
Lateral furry skin
form
patagium
•
Gliding mammal
called flying
lemur
•
Nocturnal
and
hang
like
bats
•
Example-
Cynocephalus (flying
squirrel)
ORDER-
EDENTATA
•
order of mammals having
few or no teeth
•
Anteaters, armadillos and
sloths
•
Teeth absent in
anteaters
•
In
armadillos and sloths
incisors and canines are
absent and molars
present without enamal
•
Toes with long
claws
•
Example- Myrmecophaga
(gia
n
t
a
n
teater
),
D
a
sypus
(armadillo) and
Bradypus(3-toed sloth)
ORDER-
PHOLIDATA
•
an order of toothless
scaly eutherian mammals
comprising the pangolins
that in many respects
resemble true edentates
and were formerly
included in Edentata
•
Body covered
with large
horny
scales
•
No
teeth
•
Tongue long
and
protrusible
for
capturing
insects
•
Example-
Manis
(pangolin/scaly
anteater)
from Greek
pholidōtos
covered with
scales, from
pholid-, pholis
ORDER-
TUBULIDENTATA
•
Tongue slender and
protrusible
•
Teeth lack enamal
•
Ears are
long,
erect
and
pointed
•
Exampe-
Orycteropus
(aardvark/cape
anteater)
tubulidentatus
having tubelike
teeth, from
tubuli- + -dentatus
-
dentate
ORDER-
RODENTIA
•
Largest
order
•
Gnawing mammals
•
Each jaw with
one
pair of incisors
•
Canines
absent
•
Gap between
incisors
and molars is called
diastema
•
Plantigrades
•
Example- Rattus
(rat)
Rodentia
, which are
characterized by a single pair of
continuously growing
incisors
in
each of the upper and lower
jaws
.
ORDER-
LAGOMORPHA
•
an order of gnawing herbivorous
mammals having two pairs of
incisors in the upper jaw one
behind the other, usually soft fur,
and short or rudimentary tail,
made up of two families
(Leporidae and Ochotonidae)
comprising the rabbits, hares, and
pikas, and was formerly
considered a suborder of the
order Rodentia
•
Canines
absent
•
Diatema
present
•
2 pairs of
incisor
in
upper
jaw
•
Example- Oryctolagus
(rabbit)
ORDER-
CETACEA
•
Large marine fish
like
mammals
•
Neck
absent
•
Hair present only in
embryo
•
Forelimbs are modifiied
into
flippers
•
Tail divided into
horizontal
flukes
•
Hindlimbs
absent
•
No external
ears
•
Blubber (fat) present
beneath
skin
•
Example- Delphinus
(dolphin)
and Balaenoptera (blue
whale)
ORDER-
SIRENIA
•
Herbivores aquatic
mammals
•
Neck
absent
•
Pinna
absent
•
Paddle like
forelimbs
•
Hindlimbs
absent
•
Horizontal flattened
tail
•
Hairs
few
•
Clavicles
absent
•
Phylogenetically related
to
ungulates
•
Example- Halicore
(dugong)
ORDER-
CARNIVORA
•
Predatory flesh
eating
mammals
•
Claws well
developed
•
Canines
large
•
Mammae are
abdominal
•
Divided in
two
suborder
•
Suborder- Fissipedia
(terrestrial
forms);
Example-Panthera tigris
(tiger)
•
Suborder-
Pinnipedia
(marine
forms)
•
Example- Phoca
(seal)
ORDER-
HYRACOIDEA
•
Snout,ear and
legs
short
•
Forelimbs with
4
fingers
•
Hindlimbs with 3
toes
•
No
canines
•
Lower incisors are
comb
like
•
Example-
Hyrax
(procavia)
ORDER-
PERRISODACTYLA
•
Odd toed
(1 to
3)
hoofed animals
(ungulates)
•
Unguligrades
•
Herbivores
•
Horns absent
•
Stomach is
simple
•
Example-
Equus
(horse)
ORDER-
ARTIODACTYLA
•
Even toed (2
to
4)
hoofed
animals
(ungulates)
•
Somach complex
(4
chambered)
•
Ruminants except
pigs
•
Horns
or
antlers
may
present
•
herbivores
•
Example- Bubalus (water
buffalo)
ORDER-
PROBOSCIDEA
•
Largest
living
land
animals
•
Pinna
large
•
Skin thick and
hairless
•
Nose and upper lip modified
as
an elongated flexible
trunk
•
Two upper incisors
elongated
as
ivory
tusks
•
Legs pillar
like
not bend
at
knees
•
Example- Elephas
maximus
(indian
elephant)
ORDER-
PRIMATES
•
Nails
present
•
High intelligence
quotient
•
Eyes turned
forward
for
binocular
vision
•
First
finger
opposable
forms
thumb
•
Primarily arboreal
•
Includes monkeys, apes
and
humans
•
Example- Homo
sapiens
Mammalia, a class of animals, exhibit distinct characteristics like hair presence, mammary glands for young ones, and warm-bloodedness. They are classified into subclasses like Prototheria (egg-laying), Metatheria (marsupials), and Eutheria (placental mammals). Monotremes belong to Prototheria and include unique animals like the platypus. Marsupials have marsupium pouches and double reproductive systems. Learning about the orders and features within Mammalia helps understand the diversity of mammals.
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MAMMALIA CLASSIFICATION
General characters Mammology- study of mammals Presence of hair Female have mammary glands for for suckling the young Skin glands such as sebaceous (oil) gland and sweat gland present Muscular diaphragm present between thoracic and abdominal cavity Dicondylic skull Cervical vertebrae 7 in number Heterodont and thecodont teeth Warm blooded (homeothermic) Small and non-nucleated R.B.C. Metanephric kideys Ureotelic excretion Brain highly evolved and convulated 4 optic lobes forms corpora quadrigemina Corpus callosum present connecting both cerebral hemispheres except monotremes and marsupials 12 pairs of cranial nerves External ear opening with pinna except monotremes and middle ear with malleus, incus and stapes Viviparous except egg laying monotremes
CLASS- MAMMALIA SUBCLASS- PROTOTHERIA SUBCLASS- METATHERIA SUBCLASS- EUTHERIA ORDER- MONOTREMATA ORDER- MARSUPIALIA
Prototheria protos (Gr) first; ther (Gr) a wild animal. proton, theriomorphic (having the form of an animal. Order Monotremata: monas (Gr) single; trema (Gr) a hole. monotone, trematode (a parasitic flatworm). Refers to the cloaca (cloaca) Family Ornithorhynchidae: ornithos (Gr) a bird; rhunkhos (Gr) a bill or snout. Family Tachyglossidae: takhus (Gr) fast; glossa (gr) tongue.
ORDER- MONOTREMATA Cloaca present Teeth in young beak in adult Oviparous with reptile like Characters Mammals that lay eggs with leathery shells and nourish the young ones with milk from primitive(open) mammary glands. Found only in Australian region Mammary glands without teats No corpus callosum Pinna absent No placenta Example- Ornithorhynchus (Platypus/duckbill) and Echidna (spiny anteater)
Subclass Metatheria Meta (Gr) can mean among or later, you pick; ther (Gr) a wild animal. metatarsus (between the ankle and the phalanges, metatheria, between the proto and the eu), theriomorphic (having the form of an animal,
ORDER- MARSUPIALIA Brood pouch or marsupium present in female Double vagina and uterus Corpus callosum absent Pinna present Example- Macropus (kangaroo)
SUBCLASS- EUTHERIA ORDER- INSECTIVOTRA eg Shrew ORDER- CHIROPTERA eg Bats ORDER- DERMOPTERA eg Flying squirrel ORDER- EDENTATA eg ant eaters ORDER- PHOLIDOTA eg pangolin/scaly anteater) ORDER- TUBULIDENTATA ORDER- RODENTIA ORDER- LAGOMORPHA ORDER- CETACEA ORDER- SIRENIA ORDER- CARNIVORA ORDER- HYRACOIDEA ORDER- PROBOSCIDEA ORDER- PERRISODACTYLA ORDER- ARTIODACTYLA ORDER- PRIMATES
ORDER- INSECTIVORA Small primitive mammals Long pointed snout Plantigrade feet with claws Nocturnal Dental formula= 2 x 3143/3143 Example- Sorex (shrew)
ORDER- CHIROPTERA Chiroptera is the name of the order of the only mammal capable of true flight, the bat. The name is influenced by the hand-like wings of bats, which are formed from four elongated "fingers" covered by a cutaneous membrane. It is based on the Greek words for "hand," "cheir," and "wing," "pteron." Flying mammals (bats) Limbs are with patagium(folds of skin) Sternum with keel for attachment of flight muscles Large pinnae Knee are directed backward During daytime they found suspended by their feet Nocturnal Capable of echolocationwhich helps them to locate object during flight Example- Pteropus (flying fox)
ORDER- DERMOPTERA Greek derma skin + pteron wing Lateral furry skin form patagium Gliding mammal called flying lemur Nocturnal and hang like bats Example- Cynocephalus (flying squirrel)
ORDER- EDENTATA order of mammals having few or no teeth Anteaters, armadillos and sloths Teeth absent in anteaters In armadillos and sloths incisors and canines are absent and molars present without enamal Toes with long claws Example- Myrmecophaga (giant anteater), Dasypus (armadillo) and Bradypus(3-toed sloth)
ORDER- PHOLIDATA an order of toothless scaly eutherian mammals comprising the pangolins that in many respects resemble true edentates and were formerly included in Edentata Body covered with large horny scales No teeth Tongue long and protrusible for capturing insects Example- Manis (pangolin/scaly anteater) from Greek pholid tos covered with scales, from pholid-, pholis
ORDER- TUBULIDENTATA Tongue slender and protrusible Teeth lack enamal Ears are long, erect and pointed Exampe- Orycteropus (aardvark/cape anteater) tubulidentatus having tubelike teeth, from tubuli- + -dentatus - dentate
ORDER- RODENTIA Largest order Gnawing mammals Each jaw with one pair of incisors Canines absent Gap between incisors and molars is called diastema Plantigrades Example- Rattus (rat) Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
ORDER- LAGOMORPHA an order of gnawing herbivorous mammals having two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw one behind the other, usually soft fur, and short or rudimentary tail, made up of two families (Leporidae and Ochotonidae) comprising the rabbits, hares, and pikas, and was formerly considered a suborder of the order Rodentia Canines absent Diatema present 2 pairs of incisor in upper jaw Example- Oryctolagus (rabbit)
ORDER- CETACEA Large marine fish like mammals Neck absent Hair present only in embryo Forelimbs are modifiied into flippers Tail divided into horizontal flukes Hindlimbs absent No external ears Blubber (fat) presentbeneath skin Example- Delphinus (dolphin) and Balaenoptera (blue whale)
ORDER- SIRENIA Herbivores aquatic mammals Neck absent Pinna absent Paddle like forelimbs Hindlimbs absent Horizontal flattened tail Hairs few Clavicles absent Phylogenetically related to ungulates Example- Halicore (dugong)
ORDER- CARNIVORA Predatory flesh eating mammals Claws well developed Canines large Mammae are abdominal Divided in two suborder Suborder- Fissipedia (terrestrial forms); Example-Panthera tigris (tiger) Suborder- Pinnipedia (marine forms) Example- Phoca (seal)
ORDER- HYRACOIDEA Snout,ear and legs short Forelimbs with 4 fingers Hindlimbs with 3 toes No canines Lower incisors are comb like Example- Hyrax (procavia)
ORDER- PERRISODACTYLA Odd toed (1 to 3) hoofed animals (ungulates) Unguligrades Herbivores Horns absent Stomach is simple Example- Equus (horse)
ORDER- ARTIODACTYLA Even toed (2 to 4) hoofed animals (ungulates) Somach complex (4 chambered) Ruminants except pigs Horns or antlers may present herbivores Example- Bubalus (water buffalo)
ORDER- PROBOSCIDEA Largest living land animals Pinna large Skin thick and hairless Nose and upper lip modified as an elongated flexible trunk Two upper incisors elongated as ivory tusks Legs pillar like not bend at knees Example- Elephas maximus (indian elephant)
ORDER- PRIMATES Nails present High intelligence quotient Eyes turned forward for binocular vision First finger opposable forms thumb Primarily arboreal Includes monkeys, apes and humans Example- Homo sapiens
