Logical Fallacies: Spotting and Avoiding Faulty Reasoning
Fallacies
Love is a Fallacy
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/GHCvzQQsLU
What is wrong with the
following sentences?
1.
I love Disneyland because I’m always
happy there.
2.
Everyone on the team wears Nike shoes;
it’s the only way to go!
3.
I love music, therefore I love Justin
Bieber.
Objective
•
To understand what makes a
logical
fallacy
, how to catch someone when they
are using one (perhaps to pull a fast-one
on you), and how to avoid using them in
your own writing and dialogue.
Logical Fallacy
•
A
logical fallacy
is a statement that
contains faulty reasoning. Don’t give
your reader a reason to doubt your
information. Persuasive writing
especially requires sound logic to
support opinions.
Circular Reasoning
•
Supporting a statement by simply repeating it in
different words.
•
Teens should avoid fad diets, because it is
important for adolescents to stay away from
weight-loss plans.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/ZmZFEOhlbV
Either / Or Fallacy
•
A statement that suggests that there are only 2 choices
available in a situation that really offers more than 2
options.
•
Either students should be allowed to go off campus for
lunch to Burger King, or they should choose from the
cafeteria’s food.
Oversimplification
•
An explanation of a complex situation or
problem as if it were much simpler than it
is.
•
Making the team depends on whether the
coach likes you.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/mMbPUiIHwk
Overgeneralization
•
A broad generalization.
•
No one cares about the story.
•
A little kid might say: “All birds can fly.”
Stereotyping
•
A dangerous type of overgeneralization.
•
All girls can’t play sports.
•
All boys lie and cheat.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/DJjKaOUeEs
Attacking the person or name-
calling (poisoning the well)
•
An attempt to discredit an idea by
attacking the person or group associated
with it.
•
My opponent is not smart enough to be
mayor.
•
She is basic.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/bcJSiXpgxD
Evading the Issue
•
Refuting an objection with arguments and
evidence that do not address its central
point.
•
I know I am late, but you look beautiful.
•
What you do with your parents when you
are in trouble!
•
http://screen.yahoo.com/broken-news-
daily/teachers-hilarious-response-awful-
exam-224511848.html
Non sequitur (post hoc)
•
A statement that uses irrelevant proof to support a claim.
The
"After This, Therefore, Because of This" Fallacy
•
Ten minutes after walking into the auditorium, I began to feel
sick to my stomach. There must have been something in the
air in that building that caused my nausea.
•
The stock market declined shortly after the election of the
president, thus indicating the lack of confidence the business
community has in the new administration.
•
I know I’ll pass math. Mr. Gray is my math teacher and my
football coach.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/TRKivAKTGn
False Cause
•
The mistake of assuming that because one
event occurred after another event in time,
the first event caused the second to occur.
•
I failed English because of football.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/CNZtvvyKrR
False Analogy
•
A comparison that doesn’t hold up
because of a critical difference between the
two subjects.
•
She walks to school and back every day,
so surely she can walk in a 10K race.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/zurHtCcAve
Hasty Generalization
•
A conclusion drawn from too little
evidence or from evidence that is biased.
•
That corner must be dangerous. There
were two car accidents there last week.
Bandwagon Appeal
•
Uses the argument that a person should
believe or do something because
“everyone else” does.
•
The Cardinals are a winning team and
everyone likes them so you should to.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/mQQQmwLGcd
Testimonial
•
Relies on endorsements from well-known
people or celebrities.
•
Proactive-Jessica Simpson
•
Gatorade-Michael Jordan
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/yuhHTXhvTb
Snob Appeal
•
Taps into people’s desire to be special or
be part of an elite group.
•
Treat yourself to a tropical paradise
because you deserve the best.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/HossgoHPlI
Transfer
•
Connects a product, candidate, or cause
with a positive emotion or idea.
•
Freedom…you can feel it the instant you
put your hands on the new Jeep Wrangler.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/ykLnOPgQWH
Appeal to Loyalty
•
Relies on people’s affiliation with a
particular group
•
This car is made in America by
Americans.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/PCZDQVyVGa
Appeals to pity, fear, or vanity
•
Use strong feelings rather than facts to
persuade.
•
Without more police, we will be at the
mercy of thieves.
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/wEQpaVPtdQ
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/yyTqCtnMZx
Glittering Generality
•
Makes a generalization that includes a
word or phrase with positive connotations
(feelings) to promote a product or idea.
•
A vote for Tom Jones is a vote for
democracy!
•
http://safeshare.tv/w/jJdVQDGwku
Review
1.
Camaro -
http://safeshare.tv/w/DJReZbYKsR
2.
Axe -
http://safeshare.tv/w/LytLFWXeNG
3.
Chicken -
http://safeshare.tv/w/oDZOeYnhOA
4.
Coke -
http://safeshare.tv/w/toiHvngCuM
5.
Dove -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U
6.
Hulu -
http://safeshare.tv/w/GArBdojZlw
7.
Mac -
http://safeshare.tv/w/OuvlVSCXDf
8.
Grey Poupon -
http://safeshare.tv/w/oDjEoXAFlU
9.
Pepsi-
http://safeshare.tv/w/ZFGEaMDHhh
10.
Gatorade –
http://safeshare.tv/w/mYwiLXtarV
11.
McDonald’s -
http://safeshare.tv/w/JbtvEXpXwP
12.
Hanes -
http://safeshare.tv/w/twvUyIztdL
13.
Smoking -
http://safeshare.tv/w/DLAWyqIGDJ
14.
Subway –
http://safeshare.tv/w/CxEqImtrMA
15.
ASPCA -
http://safeshare.tv/w/DYvoVjrMfg
16.
Chevrolet Truck -
http://safeshare.tv/w/VeNxKBcQvn
17.
Brain Food -
http://safeshare.tv/w/DIukLRxOtn
18.
Infiniti -
http://safeshare.tv/w/unKLnrciDQ
19.
Doritos -
http://safeshare.tv/w/cgzeJiwFAk
20.
Sleaziest Political Ads -
http://safeshare.tv/w/FYWIiMnHSn
Answers
1.
Camaro – Either/ Or, Appeal to Loyalty, Glittering Generality, Transfer
2.
Axe – False Cause, Oversimplification, stereotyping, hast generalization, bandwagon
3.
Chicken - stereotyping
4.
Coke - Either/ Or, appeal to loyalty, glittering generality
5.
Dove - Appeal to vanity, transfer, evading the issue
6.
Hulu – False Analogy, Testimonial, appeal to emotion
7.
Mac – either/ or., name-calling,
8.
Grey Poupon – Snob Appeal
9.
Pepsi - Bandwagon, testimonial., transfer, glittering genrality
10.
Gatorade – Transfer, bandwagon, glittering generality, false analogy
11.
McDonald’s – testimonial,
12.
Hanes - testimonial
13.
Smoking – appeal to fear
14.
Subway – appeal to vanity,
15.
ASPCA – appeal to pity
16.
Chevrolet Truck - ethos, oversimplification, snob appeal
17.
Brain Food – appeal to vanity,
18.
Infiniti – false analogy, snob appeal
19.
Doritos - bandwagon
20.
Sleaziest Political Ads – name- calling,
Explore various types of logical fallacies such as circular reasoning, either/or fallacy, oversimplification, overgeneralization, and stereotyping through real-life examples. Learn how to identify these flawed arguments to strengthen your writing and critical thinking skills.
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Presentation Transcript
Love is a Fallacy http://safeshare.tv/w/GHCvzQQsLU
What is wrong with the following sentences? 1. I love Disneyland because I m always happy there. 2. Everyone on the team wears Nike shoes; it s the only way to go! 3. I love music, therefore I love Justin Bieber.
Objective To understand what makes a logical fallacy, how to catch someone when they are using one (perhaps to pull a fast-one on you), and how to avoid using them in your own writing and dialogue.
Logical Fallacy A logical fallacy is a statement that contains faulty reasoning. Don t give your reader a reason to doubt your information. Persuasive writing especially requires sound logic to support opinions.
Circular Reasoning Supporting a statement by simply repeating it in different words. Teens should avoid fad diets, because it is important for adolescents to stay away from weight-loss plans. http://safeshare.tv/w/ZmZFEOhlbV
Either / Or Fallacy A statement that suggests that there are only 2 choices available in a situation that really offers more than 2 options. Either students should be allowed to go off campus for lunch to Burger King, or they should choose from the cafeteria s food.
Oversimplification An explanation of a complex situation or problem as if it were much simpler than it is. Making the team depends on whether the coach likes you. http://safeshare.tv/w/mMbPUiIHwk
Overgeneralization A broad generalization. No one cares about the story. A little kid might say: All birds can fly.
Stereotyping A dangerous type of overgeneralization. All girls can t play sports. All boys lie and cheat. http://safeshare.tv/w/DJjKaOUeEs
Attacking the person or name- calling (poisoning the well) An attempt to discredit an idea by attacking the person or group associated with it. My opponent is not smart enough to be mayor. She is basic. http://safeshare.tv/w/bcJSiXpgxD
Evading the Issue Refuting an objection with arguments and evidence that do not address its central point. I know I am late, but you look beautiful. What you do with your parents when you are in trouble! http://screen.yahoo.com/broken-news- daily/teachers-hilarious-response-awful- exam-224511848.html
Non sequitur (post hoc) A statement that uses irrelevant proof to support a claim. The "After This, Therefore, Because of This" Fallacy Ten minutes after walking into the auditorium, I began to feel sick to my stomach. There must have been something in the air in that building that caused my nausea. The stock market declined shortly after the election of the president, thus indicating the lack of confidence the business community has in the new administration. I know I ll pass math. Mr. Gray is my math teacher and my football coach. http://safeshare.tv/w/TRKivAKTGn
False Cause The mistake of assuming that because one event occurred after another event in time, the first event caused the second to occur. I failed English because of football. http://safeshare.tv/w/CNZtvvyKrR
False Analogy A comparison that doesn t hold up because of a critical difference between the two subjects. She walks to school and back every day, so surely she can walk in a 10K race. http://safeshare.tv/w/zurHtCcAve
Hasty Generalization A conclusion drawn from too little evidence or from evidence that is biased. That corner must be dangerous. There were two car accidents there last week.
Bandwagon Appeal Uses the argument that a person should believe or do something because everyone else does. The Cardinals are a winning team and everyone likes them so you should to. http://safeshare.tv/w/mQQQmwLGcd
Testimonial Relies on endorsements from well-known people or celebrities. Proactive-Jessica Simpson Gatorade-Michael Jordan http://safeshare.tv/w/yuhHTXhvTb
Snob Appeal Taps into people s desire to be special or be part of an elite group. Treat yourself to a tropical paradise because you deserve the best. http://safeshare.tv/w/HossgoHPlI
Transfer Connects a product, candidate, or cause with a positive emotion or idea. Freedom you can feel it the instant you put your hands on the new Jeep Wrangler. http://safeshare.tv/w/ykLnOPgQWH
Appeal to Loyalty Relies on people s affiliation with a particular group This car is made in America by Americans. http://safeshare.tv/w/PCZDQVyVGa
Appeals to pity, fear, or vanity Use strong feelings rather than facts to persuade. Without more police, we will be at the mercy of thieves. http://safeshare.tv/w/wEQpaVPtdQ http://safeshare.tv/w/yyTqCtnMZx
Glittering Generality Makes a generalization that includes a word or phrase with positive connotations (feelings) to promote a product or idea. A vote for Tom Jones is a vote for democracy! http://safeshare.tv/w/jJdVQDGwku
Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Camaro - http://safeshare.tv/w/DJReZbYKsR Axe - http://safeshare.tv/w/LytLFWXeNG Chicken - http://safeshare.tv/w/oDZOeYnhOA Coke - http://safeshare.tv/w/toiHvngCuM Dove - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U Hulu - http://safeshare.tv/w/GArBdojZlw Mac - http://safeshare.tv/w/OuvlVSCXDf Grey Poupon - http://safeshare.tv/w/oDjEoXAFlU Pepsi- http://safeshare.tv/w/ZFGEaMDHhh Gatorade http://safeshare.tv/w/mYwiLXtarV McDonald s - http://safeshare.tv/w/JbtvEXpXwP Hanes - http://safeshare.tv/w/twvUyIztdL Smoking - http://safeshare.tv/w/DLAWyqIGDJ Subway http://safeshare.tv/w/CxEqImtrMA ASPCA - http://safeshare.tv/w/DYvoVjrMfg Chevrolet Truck - http://safeshare.tv/w/VeNxKBcQvn Brain Food - http://safeshare.tv/w/DIukLRxOtn Infiniti - http://safeshare.tv/w/unKLnrciDQ Doritos - http://safeshare.tv/w/cgzeJiwFAk Sleaziest Political Ads - http://safeshare.tv/w/FYWIiMnHSn
Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Camaro Either/ Or, Appeal to Loyalty, Glittering Generality, Transfer Axe False Cause, Oversimplification, stereotyping, hast generalization, bandwagon Chicken - stereotyping Coke - Either/ Or, appeal to loyalty, glittering generality Dove - Appeal to vanity, transfer, evading the issue Hulu False Analogy, Testimonial, appeal to emotion Mac either/ or., name-calling, Grey Poupon Snob Appeal Pepsi - Bandwagon, testimonial., transfer, glittering genrality Gatorade Transfer, bandwagon, glittering generality, false analogy McDonald s testimonial, Hanes - testimonial Smoking appeal to fear Subway appeal to vanity, ASPCA appeal to pity Chevrolet Truck - ethos, oversimplification, snob appeal Brain Food appeal to vanity, Infiniti false analogy, snob appeal Doritos - bandwagon Sleaziest Political Ads name- calling,
