Lexical Categories in Morphology
Morphology II (Lexical categories)
Do you know grammar better than a 5
th
grader?
Quiz Time!
1. How many morphemes does the word “pumpkin” have?
2. How many morphemes does the word “sailor” have?
3. Name all of the bound morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”
4. Name all of the free morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”
5. “A” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a consonant (a
banana). “An” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a
vowel (an apple). Are “a” and “an” allomorphs?
Affixes
An
affix
is a
bound morpheme
that attaches to a
base
(usually a free) morpheme.
Pre
fix
: (
Affix
+base) Attaches to the
front
of the base. Examples:
Post
mortem,
in
comprehensible,
pro
pose,
de
code.
Suf
fix
: (base+
affix
) Attaches to the
end
of the base. Examples: cat
s
, fluff
y
,
lov
able
,
wizard
ry
In
fix
:
(base+
affix
+same base) Attaches within a morpheme. Uncommon in English, except
in expressive language. Example: kanga-
bloody
-roo, woopty-
freaking
-do
Circum
fix
: (
affix
+base+
same affix
) A single morpheme that attaches on both sides of a
morpheme. English doesn’t have any of these.
Fix it up!
Engaged
En
#
gage
#
ed
Prefix
+
base
+
suffix
Fix it up! Break up the following and label
affixes
Disguise
Writing
Unreadable
Irrelevant
Beautified
Grammar Review
What’s a noun?
What’s a verb?
What’s an adjective?
What’s a preposition?
What’s a pronoun?
What’s an article?
What’s a conjunction?
What’s an adverb?
These are all
lexical categories
. Identifying the lexical (word) category of the base (and root)
morpheme and resulting word is necessary to understanding the structure of the word.
Word trees
More Word Trees!
Derivation
The creation of a whole new word by adding an affix.
It creates a meaning distinct from (but
related to) its base.
Examples: Sail
or
, writ
er
,
anti
thesis,
re
do, hospital
ize
There are
phonological rules
that govern what affixes can be applied to what words. You
wouldn’t hear words like farmant or smallen, but farmer and shorten are perfectly ok. This is
because {-ant} tends to combine with Latin-origin words, and {-en} combines withmonosyllable words that end in an obstruent (stop, fricative, affricative).
Class 1 affixes
change the form of a word (-y, -ion, -ity) (see p.127 for more examples) in terms
of stress, pronunciation, or spelling. Sanity, democracy, partial, productive
Class 2 affixes
have no affect on the base. Selfish, worker, mindless
Compounding
Joining two free morphemes (whole words) to form a new word.
Bluebird, textbook, chalkboard, outbid, breakdance, suitcase, eggnog
The lexical category of the final morpheme (called the
head
) in the word usually determines the
whole word’s lexical category. So, over
grow
is a verb, over
growth
is a noun, over
grown
is an
adjective.
Additionally, the head usually decides the meaning of the word. So, breakdance is a type of
dance, chalkboard is a type of board, bluebird is a type of bird…these are called
endocentric
compounds.
Exocentric compounds
are compounds that are NOT decided by the head (nor necessarily by the
other morpheme either): pickpocket, bigmouth, redneck.
Inflection
The modification of a word or the addition of affixes to convey
grammatical
information like tense
and case.
-s, ’s, -ing, -ed, -er, –est
My cat’s bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?)
My cats’ bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?)
Tense
refers to grammatical information about time. In English, tense affects verbs (walks, walked,
walking, will walk, had been walking…)
Case
refers to grammatical information about the role the word plays in the sentence—direct
object, subject, indirect object… English has very limited case inflections. He/him, I/me,
who/whom, they/them. But, languages like Latin have many more (Latin has 7 cases). In
languages without many cases,
word order
is more important to determine the grammatical role
of words.
Review
What is it called when you add an affix to a word to create a whole new word like
“inside”?
What is the name of an affix that comes after the base?
Are affixes usually bound or free morphemes?
What is the name of an affix that occurs
within
a free morpheme?
What lexical category is the word “but”? “green”? “Caramelize”?
What is it called when you put two free morphemes together to form a whole new word
like “football”?
Is “football” exocentric or endocentric?
If I modify the word “go” to “going”
Explore the world of lexical categories, morphology, and affixes to enhance your grasp of grammar concepts. Dive into the definitions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, articles, conjunctions, and adverbs. Learn about affixes such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes, and delve into word formations through derivation. Uncover the intricate structure of words, bound and free morphemes, and the rules guiding their combinations. Test your knowledge with engaging quizzes and activities to deepen your understanding of grammar essentials.
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Presentation Transcript
Morphology II (Lexical categories) Do you know grammar better than a 5thgrader?
Quiz Time! 1. How many morphemes does the word pumpkin have? 2. How many morphemes does the word sailor have? 3. Name all of the bound morpheme(s) in the word sailor. 4. Name all of the free morpheme(s) in the word sailor. 5. A is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a consonant (a banana). An is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a vowel (an apple). Are a and an allomorphs?
Affixes An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a base (usually a free) morpheme. Prefix: (Affix+base) Attaches to the front of the base. Examples: Postmortem, incomprehensible, propose, decode. Suffix: (base+affix) Attaches to the end of the base. Examples: cats, fluffy, lovable, wizardry Infix: (base+affix+same base) Attaches within a morpheme. Uncommon in English, except in expressive language. Example: kanga-bloody-roo, woopty-freaking-do Circumfix: (affix+base+same affix) A single morpheme that attaches on both sides of a morpheme. English doesn t have any of these.
Fix it up! Engaged En#gage#ed Prefix+base+suffix
Fix it up! Break up the following and label affixes Disguise Writing Unreadable Irrelevant Beautified
Grammar Review What s a noun? What s a verb? What s an adjective? What s a preposition? What s a pronoun? What s an article? What s a conjunction? What s an adverb? These are all lexical categories. Identifying the lexical (word) category of the base (and root) morpheme and resulting word is necessary to understanding the structure of the word.
Word trees Adjective Affix Adjective un happy
Derivation The creation of a whole new word by adding an affix. It creates a meaning distinct from (but related to) its base. Examples: Sailor, writer, antithesis, redo, hospitalize There are phonological rules that govern what affixes can be applied to what words. You wouldn t hear words like farmant or smallen, but farmer and shorten are perfectly ok. This is because {-ant} tends to combine with Latin-origin words, and {-en} combines with monosyllable words that end in an obstruent (stop, fricative, affricative). Class 1 affixes change the form of a word (-y, -ion, -ity) (see p.127 for more examples) in terms of stress, pronunciation, or spelling. Sanity, democracy, partial, productive Class 2 affixes have no affect on the base. Selfish, worker, mindless
Compounding Joining two free morphemes (whole words) to form a new word. Bluebird, textbook, chalkboard, outbid, breakdance, suitcase, eggnog The lexical category of the final morpheme (called the head) in the word usually determines the whole word s lexical category. So, overgrow is a verb, overgrowth is a noun, overgrown is an adjective. Additionally, the head usually decides the meaning of the word. So, breakdance is a type of dance, chalkboard is a type of board, bluebird is a type of bird these are called endocentric compounds. Exocentric compounds are compounds that are NOT decided by the head (nor necessarily by the other morpheme either): pickpocket, bigmouth, redneck.
Inflection The modification of a word or the addition of affixes to convey grammatical information like tense and case. -s, s, -ing, -ed, -er, est My cat s bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?) My cats bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?) Tense refers to grammatical information about time. In English, tense affects verbs (walks, walked, walking, will walk, had been walking ) Case refers to grammatical information about the role the word plays in the sentence direct object, subject, indirect object English has very limited case inflections. He/him, I/me, who/whom, they/them. But, languages like Latin have many more (Latin has 7 cases). In languages without many cases, word order is more important to determine the grammatical role of words.
Review What is it called when you add an affix to a word to create a whole new word like inside ? What is the name of an affix that comes after the base? Are affixes usually bound or free morphemes? What is the name of an affix that occurs within a free morpheme? What lexical category is the word but ? green ? Caramelize ? What is it called when you put two free morphemes together to form a whole new word like football ? Is football exocentric or endocentric? If I modify the word go to going
