Jewish Diaspora: From Ancient Times to Expulsion and Exile
Brookline Home School
Brookline Home School
Tuesday, March 31, 2020
Tuesday, March 31, 2020
The Pale of
The Pale of
Settlement
Settlement
Diaspora: Dispersion or Exile
Part I: The Jewish
Diaspora (2000 BCE-476
AD)
•
~2000 BCE: According to Bible,
~2000 BCE: According to Bible,
Abraham leaves Ur in
Abraham leaves Ur in
Mesopotamia for Canaan (modern-
Mesopotamia for Canaan (modern-
day Israel) to west
day Israel) to west
•
By 1000 BCE, King David ruled
By 1000 BCE, King David ruled
Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Israel
•
He and son Solomon rule until 922 BCE
He and son Solomon rule until 922 BCE
Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Israel
•
922 BCE: Kingdom splits
922 BCE: Kingdom splits
•
Northern = Israel, led by Jeroboam
Northern = Israel, led by Jeroboam
•
Southern = Judah, led by Rehoboam
Southern = Judah, led by Rehoboam
•
Capital city = Jerusalem
Capital city = Jerusalem
•
Kingdom of Israel conquered by
Kingdom of Israel conquered by
Assyrians in 722 BCE
Assyrians in 722 BCE
•
Deported to Assyria
Deported to Assyria
•
Those Jews =“Lost Tribes of Israel”
Those Jews =“Lost Tribes of Israel”
Division
Division
•
King Nebuchadnezzar of
King Nebuchadnezzar of
Babylon conquers in 586 BCE
Babylon conquers in 586 BCE
•
But in
But in
538 BCE, King Cyrus the
538 BCE, King Cyrus the
Great of Persia conquers Babylon
Great of Persia conquers Babylon
•
Jews allowed to return to Judah, but
Jews allowed to return to Judah, but
many stayed
many stayed
•
End of Jewish empire begun by
End of Jewish empire begun by
David
David
Kingdom of Judah
Kingdom of Judah
•
By 1
By 1
st
st
century BCE, 40% of
century BCE, 40% of
Alexandria, Egypt Jewish
Alexandria, Egypt Jewish
•
Palestine (what Israel/Judah now
Palestine (what Israel/Judah now
called) spiritual center for Jews
called) spiritual center for Jews
•
Most lived outside: 5 million
Most lived outside: 5 million
scattered through Empire
scattered through Empire
•
In 70 AD, Jerusalem destroyed
In 70 AD, Jerusalem destroyed
Roman Empire
Roman Empire
Assimilation and Anti-
Semitism
Part II: From Rome to
Russia (476 to 1881)
•
After 476 CE, Jews scatter
After 476 CE, Jews scatter
throughout Europe and Asia
throughout Europe and Asia
•
Two paths:
Two paths:
•
Many lived in peace near or with
Many lived in peace near or with
Gentile neighbors
Gentile neighbors
•
Others suffered brutal anti-
Others suffered brutal anti-
Semitism
Semitism
•
No permanent homeland
No permanent homeland
An Empire Ends
An Empire Ends
•
Spain expels all Jews on March
Spain expels all Jews on March
31, 1492
31, 1492
•
Some convert to Catholicism
Some convert to Catholicism
•
40-100,000 flee—many north, east
40-100,000 flee—many north, east
•
Russian Empire expels its Jews
Russian Empire expels its Jews
at same time
at same time
•
Travel west to modern-day Poland,
Travel west to modern-day Poland,
Baltics,
Baltics,
etc
etc
.
.
Late 15
Late 15
th
th
Century: Exile
Century: Exile
•
1772: 1
1772: 1
st
st
Partition of Poland
Partition of Poland
•
Millions of Jew reabsorbed into
Millions of Jew reabsorbed into
Russian Empire
Russian Empire
•
Encouraged to settle in newly-
Encouraged to settle in newly-
acquired Turkey
acquired Turkey
•
1795-1835
1795-1835
•
3
3
rd
rd
Partition of Poland
Partition of Poland
•
Other territories added/subtracted
Other territories added/subtracted
Russia Expands East
Russia Expands East
•
Named “Pale of Settlement”
Named “Pale of Settlement”
under Czar Nicholas I (1825-55)
under Czar Nicholas I (1825-55)
•
386,100 square miles
386,100 square miles
•
North: Baltic Sea
North: Baltic Sea
•
South: Black Sea
South: Black Sea
•
East: Modern Russian Federation
East: Modern Russian Federation
•
West: Modern western Poland,
West: Modern western Poland,
western Ukraine, Moldova
western Ukraine, Moldova
World’s Largest Ghetto
World’s Largest Ghetto
•
1897 Russian Census
1897 Russian Census
•
94% of Russian Jews = 4,899,300
94% of Russian Jews = 4,899,300
•
12% of total Pale population
12% of total Pale population
•
99% spoke Yiddish
99% spoke Yiddish
•
76% worked commerce/crafts
76% worked commerce/crafts
•
Typically tailoring, shoemaking
Typically tailoring, shoemaking
•
Could not trade in Russia proper
Could not trade in Russia proper
•
This & competition
This & competition
Jewish
Jewish
underclass
underclass
Life in the Pale
Life in the Pale
•
Newspapers circulated widely
Newspapers circulated widely
•
Literature in Yiddish, Hebrew,
Literature in Yiddish, Hebrew,
Polish, Russian (Sholom Aleichem)
Polish, Russian (Sholom Aleichem)
•
Kids taught in
Kids taught in
cheder
cheder
,
,
yeshivah
yeshivah
•
Other movements thrived
Other movements thrived
•
Chasidism
Chasidism
•
Zionism
Zionism
•
Socialism—despite illegality
Socialism—despite illegality
Highly Literate
Highly Literate
•
Wide-reaching reforms
Wide-reaching reforms
•
Abolished serfdom in 1861
Abolished serfdom in 1861
•
For upper-SES Jews loosened
For upper-SES Jews loosened
residency, travel restrictions
residency, travel restrictions
•
Assassinated March 13, 1881
Assassinated March 13, 1881
•
Revolutionary “People’s Will”
Revolutionary “People’s Will”
•
Sparked harsh backlash against
Sparked harsh backlash against
Jews
Jews
Czar Alexander II: 1855-81
Czar Alexander II: 1855-81
Pogroms and Mass Emigration
Part III: Leaving Russia
(1881-1918)
•
Jews could only live in Pale
Jews could only live in Pale
marketing towns called
marketing towns called
shtetls
shtetls
•
Gentile peasants could demand
Gentile peasants could demand
removal of neighboring Jews
removal of neighboring Jews
•
Brutally enforced by local
Brutally enforced by local
authorities
authorities
•
Paid to ignore horrific attacks on
Paid to ignore horrific attacks on
shtetls
shtetls
called pogroms
called pogroms
•
1881-84, 1903-06
1881-84, 1903-06
May 1881 Temporary Laws
May 1881 Temporary Laws
•
1891-92 expulsion
1891-92 expulsion
•
20,000 from Moscow
20,000 from Moscow
•
2,000 from St. Petersburg
2,000 from St. Petersburg
•
All resulted in mass emigration
All resulted in mass emigration
•
1881-1914: 3 million Jews leave Pale
1881-1914: 3 million Jews leave Pale
•
Prior to 1918, most went to United
Prior to 1918, most went to United
States
States
•
No passport, visa, other government
No passport, visa, other government
documents required
documents required
Exodus
Exodus
•
Very poor, densely populated
Very poor, densely populated
•
100,000 Jews welcomed at first
100,000 Jews welcomed at first
•
Soon majority area of intersection
Soon majority area of intersection
Commercial Road, Commercial
Commercial Road, Commercial
Street East, Whitechapel High Road
Street East, Whitechapel High Road
•
Traditional synagogue every corner
Traditional synagogue every corner
•
Established British Jews wary
Established British Jews wary
•
High anti-Semitism Fall 1888
High anti-Semitism Fall 1888
•
Was Jack the Ripper Jewish?
Was Jack the Ripper Jewish?
East End of London
East End of London
•
Called
Called
Ostjuden
Ostjuden
(eastern Jews)
(eastern Jews)
•
Tension w/more-established
Tension w/more-established
Westjuden
Westjuden
(western Jews)
(western Jews)
•
Profound impact on generation of
Profound impact on generation of
Jewish filmmakers
Jewish filmmakers
•
Starting late 1920s, many moved to
Starting late 1920s, many moved to
Paris then Hollywood where they
Paris then Hollywood where they
helped launch “film noir.”
helped launch “film noir.”
Germany
Germany
•
Only 2% Jews turned away
Only 2% Jews turned away
•
Better experience here
Better experience here
•
Ethnic, political pluralism
Ethnic, political pluralism
•
Philadelphia founded 1683 by
Philadelphia founded 1683 by
William Penn
William Penn
•
Promote religious freedom
Promote religious freedom
•
City of Brotherly Love
City of Brotherly Love
•
Jewish area South Philadelphia
Jewish area South Philadelphia
•
Berger, Caesar, Cohen, Gurmankin,
Berger, Caesar, Cohen, Gurmankin,
Koslenko, Rugowitz, Shore, Zinman
Koslenko, Rugowitz, Shore, Zinman
United States
United States
Explores the Jewish Diaspora from ancient times, including the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah, Roman Empire influence, and subsequent dispersion leading to assimilation and anti-Semitism. Highlights significant events such as the division of the Kingdom, exile from Spain, and the plight of Jews in Europe and Asia post-476 CE.
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Presentation Transcript
The Pale of Settlement Brookline Home School Tuesday, March 31, 2020
Part I: The Jewish Diaspora (2000 BCE-476 AD) Diaspora: Dispersion or Exile
Kingdom of Israel ~2000 BCE: According to Bible, Abraham leaves Ur in Mesopotamia for Canaan (modern- day Israel) to west By 1000 BCE, King David ruled Kingdom of Israel He and son Solomon rule until 922 BCE
Division 922 BCE: Kingdom splits Northern = Israel, led by Jeroboam Southern = Judah, led by Rehoboam Capital city = Jerusalem Kingdom of Israel conquered by Assyrians in 722 BCE Deported to Assyria Those Jews = Lost Tribes of Israel
Kingdom of Judah King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon conquers in 586 BCE But in 538 BCE, King Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Babylon Jews allowed to return to Judah, but many stayed End of Jewish empire begun by David
Roman Empire By 1stcentury BCE, 40% of Alexandria, Egypt Jewish Palestine (what Israel/Judah now called) spiritual center for Jews Most lived outside: 5 million scattered through Empire In 70 AD, Jerusalem destroyed
Part II: From Rome to Russia (476 to 1881) Assimilation and Anti- Semitism
An Empire Ends After 476 CE, Jews scatter throughout Europe and Asia Two paths: Many lived in peace near or with Gentile neighbors Others suffered brutal anti- Semitism No permanent homeland
Late 15thCentury: Exile Spain expels all Jews on March 31, 1492 Some convert to Catholicism 40-100,000 flee many north, east Russian Empire expels its Jews at same time Travel west to modern-day Poland, Baltics, etc.
Russia Expands East 1772: 1stPartition of Poland Millions of Jew reabsorbed into Russian Empire Encouraged to settle in newly- acquired Turkey 1795-1835 3rdPartition of Poland Other territories added/subtracted
Worlds Largest Ghetto Named Pale of Settlement under Czar Nicholas I (1825-55) 386,100 square miles North: Baltic Sea South: Black Sea East: Modern Russian Federation West: Modern western Poland, western Ukraine, Moldova
Life in the Pale 1897 Russian Census 94% of Russian Jews = 4,899,300 12% of total Pale population 99% spoke Yiddish 76% worked commerce/crafts Typically tailoring, shoemaking Could not trade in Russia proper This & competition underclass Jewish
Highly Literate Newspapers circulated widely Literature in Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, Russian (Sholom Aleichem) Kids taught in cheder, yeshivah Other movements thrived Chasidism Zionism Socialism despite illegality
Czar Alexander II: 1855-81 Wide-reaching reforms Abolished serfdom in 1861 For upper-SES Jews loosened residency, travel restrictions Assassinated March 13, 1881 Revolutionary People s Will Sparked harsh backlash against Jews
Part III: Leaving Russia (1881-1918) Pogroms and Mass Emigration
May 1881 Temporary Laws Jews could only live in Pale marketing towns called shtetls Gentile peasants could demand removal of neighboring Jews Brutally enforced by local authorities Paid to ignore horrific attacks on shtetls called pogroms 1881-84, 1903-06
Exodus 1891-92 expulsion 20,000 from Moscow 2,000 from St. Petersburg All resulted in mass emigration 1881-1914: 3 million Jews leave Pale Prior to 1918, most went to United States No passport, visa, other government documents required
East End of London Very poor, densely populated 100,000 Jews welcomed at first Soon majority area of intersection Commercial Road, Commercial Street East, Whitechapel High Road Traditional synagogue every corner Established British Jews wary High anti-Semitism Fall 1888 Was Jack the Ripper Jewish?
Germany Called Ostjuden (eastern Jews) Tension w/more-established Westjuden (western Jews) Profound impact on generation of Jewish filmmakers Starting late 1920s, many moved to Paris then Hollywood where they helped launch film noir.
United States Only 2% Jews turned away Better experience here Ethnic, political pluralism Philadelphia founded 1683 by William Penn Promote religious freedom City of Brotherly Love Jewish area South Philadelphia Berger, Caesar, Cohen, Gurmankin, Koslenko, Rugowitz, Shore, Zinman
