Introduction to Geography
Chapter 7: The Geography of
Languages and Religions
Holly Barcus, Morehead State University
And Joe Naumann, UMSL
Introduction to Geography
People, Places, and Environment, 3e
Edward F. Bergman
William H. Renwick
2
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
&
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
•
Two most important forces that bond and
define human cultures
•
Two most important factors defining culture
regions
3
D
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
•
Pronunciation and combination of
words used to communicate within a
group of people
•
Important cultural index
•
Structures individual perception of
world
4
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
R
e
g
i
o
n
s
•
Dialects
–
Minor variations within a language
•
Standard language
–
Following formal rule of diction and grammar
•
Official language
–
Primary language for any given country
–
Defacto or Dejure?
•
Lingua franca
–
Current language of international discourse
5
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
•
The study of different dialects across space
•
Speech community
–
a group of people who speak together
•
Isoglosses
–
Frequently parallel physical landscape features
•
Geographical dialect continuum
ISOGLOSS
7
W
o
r
l
d
’
s
M
a
j
o
r
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
•
3,000 distinct languages
•
50% of world population speak one of 12 major
languages listed
•
Mandarin Chinese is largest with 885 million
•
English is the primary language of 350 million and
is the official language of about 50 countries
O
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
o
f
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
10
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
•
Protolanguage
–
Common ancestor to any group of today’s languages
•
Language family
–
Languages related by descent from a common
protolanguage
–
Members of the same language family may not be
mutually intelligible
•
Cognates – words related somewhat like cousins
–
i.e. reign or royal (English) & Rajah (Hindi)
•
Etymology – study of word origins
11
I
n
d
o
-
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
F
a
m
i
l
y
•
Identified by Sir William Jones, 1786
–
Proto-Indo-European
•
Common ancestor of many modern languages
•
Grimm’s Law
–
Set forth by Jacob Grimm of the Brothers
Grimm
–
Accounts for sound shifts as language family
differentiated.
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
F
a
m
i
l
y
–
“
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
f
a
m
i
l
y
”
13
I
n
d
o
-
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
H
e
a
r
t
h
?
•
Hearth in vicinity of Turkey (Anatolia)
•
Likely diffusion routes
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
F
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
15
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
o
f
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
•
Orthography – has spatial characteristics
–
System of writing
•
Sumerians
•
Olmec
•
Alphabets
–
Roman
–
Cyrillic
–
Arabic
–
Sometimes the same spoken language is written in
different scripts
•
Non-alphabetic - pictographic
–
Chinese, Japanese, Korean
The same spoken language but different scripts
Related
script
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
G
r
o
u
p
s
18
T
o
p
o
n
y
m
y
•
The study of place names
•
Consists of:
–
Natural features
–
Origins/values of inhabitants
–
Belief structures, religions
–
Current or past heroes
P
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
&
N
a
m
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
N
a
m
e
s
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
O
r
i
g
i
n
s
21
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
•
National languages
–
Imposed or encouraged by government with varying
success
–
De facto or de jure
•
Nation building
–
Philological nationalism
•
Belief that mother tongues have given birth to nations.
•
Postcolonial societies
–
Imposed official languages by colonial ruler
•
Not spoken by locals
22
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
S
t
a
t
e
s
•
Polyglot states
–
Having multiple official languages
–
Can promote political devolution
•
United States
–
English always lingua franca
–
Three major dialects in 13 colonies
–
Non-English languages
–
English is de facto official language, not de
jure
24
W
o
r
l
d
’
s
M
a
j
o
r
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
•
Systems of beliefs guiding behavior
–
Orthopraxy (correctness of action or practice)
•
Behavior oriented
–
Orthodoxy (“correctness” of belief or verbal
expression)
•
Theological/philosophical
•
Fundamentalism --
the strict maintenance of the
ancient or essential doctrines of any religion or ideology.
•
Secularism --
a philosophy or world view that stresses
human values without reference to religion or spirituality
25
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
•
Classification and Distribution of
Religions
–
Universalizing: Christianity, Islam,
Buddhism all proselytize
–
Christianity is the most widespread
–
In Africa, Islam is the fastest growing
•
In SubSaharan Africa - Christianity
–
Ethnic: Judaism, Hinduism, Shintoism
•
Tribal (traditional) – small-size ethnic
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
R
e
g
i
o
n
s
28
J
u
d
a
i
s
m
29
J
u
d
a
i
s
m
•
14 million adherents
•
Monotheistic (claims to the oldest one)
•
Based on covenant with Abraham
•
Scriptures: Torah – 5 books of the “Law”
–
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
•
Sects
–
Orthodox, Conservative, Reform
•
Israel – More Jews in New York City than in
Isreal
–
Homeland for Jewish people
–
Created 1948
–
Conflict between Israel and Palestine
30
J
e
w
i
s
h
W
o
r
s
h
i
p
•
Synagogue came into
existence during exile
after the temple, which
had previously been the
center of worship, had
been destroyed and
many Jews had been
taken to Babylon as
captives.
31
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
32
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
i
t
y
•
Emerged from Judaism – Jesus was a Jew!
•
Coptic Church
–
Founded in Alexandria in CE 41
–
S
t
i
l
l
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
E
g
y
p
t
a
n
d
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
•
Official religion of Roman Empire – 312 CE
–
Facilitated geographical spread
–
Model for its bureaucratic structure
•
Split with Eastern Orthodox 11
th
century CE
•
Dark Ages – preserver of European culture
•
Protestant Reformation 1517 CE
•
Significant growth in Africa, Asia and Latin America
33
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
•
Areas of almost complete agreement
–
Sacraments of Baptism & Matrimony
–
Monotheism involving one God in a trinity of
persons (referred to as a mystery)
–
Blessing and sharing bread and wine at least in
memory of Jesus sacrifice
–
Jesus was/is 100% God and 100% human
–
Salvation comes from belief in and acceptance of
Jesus as one’s savior
–
There will be a second coming at the end of time
34
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
D
e
n
o
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
•
Coptic
•
Eastern Orthodox
–
Greek, Serbian, Russian, Armenian, etc.
•
Roman Catholic – Latin Rite & Greek Rite
–
Largest single denomination in the USA
•
Protestant – hundreds of denominations
–
Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, etc.
•
Peripheral – significant differences from the
mainstream Christian denominations
–
Mormon, Jehova Witnesses, etc.
35
I
s
l
a
m
36
I
s
l
a
m
•
Muhammad the final prophet– 622 CE
•
Allah (word for God)
•
Monotheistic
•
Major Sects: Sunni – 85% and Shiite –
15%
•
Koran is sufficient to direct all aspects of
life
•
No clergy or building required
•
Jews & Christians – people of the book
37
F
i
v
e
P
i
l
l
a
r
s
•
Five Pillars of Islam
–
Belief in one God
–
Five daily prayers facing Mecca
–
Generous alms (help to poor)
–
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
–
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
38
H
i
n
d
u
i
s
m
39
H
i
n
d
u
i
s
m
•
Hinduism
–
Most ancient religious tradition in Asia (world?)
–
Vedas – Hindu sacred texts
–
May be viewed as monothestic
–
Castes
•
Brahman, priestly
•
Kshatriya, warrior/ruler
•
Vaisya, tradesman and farmer
•
Sudra, servant and laborer
–
Untouchables (de facto 5
th
caste)
–
Central belief is in reincarnation
•
Transmigration of the soul
•
Cycles of creation – birth to death to birth
•
Role of dharma & karma
•
Effect on diet
40
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
H
i
n
d
u
i
s
m
•
No clergy or religious requirements –
•
No real splintering or sects
–
Can be practices in many ways & at many levels
so there was no need to “split off.”
•
No concept of a personal God
•
Each individual is seeking to comprehend
the ultimate reality while living out his/her
dharma with the goal of union with Brahman
once the cycle of reincarnation is ended.
41
Monotheism?
42
S
i
k
h
i
s
m
43
S
i
k
h
i
s
m
•
Sikhism (attempt to reconcile Islam &
Hinduism)
–
Offshoot of Hinduism
–
Centered around the Punjab area
–
Guru Nanak
44
B
u
d
d
h
i
s
m
45
B
u
d
d
h
i
s
m
•
Siddhartha Gautama – Kshatriya Caste
•
Buddha – Enlightened One
•
Four Noble Truths
–
Life involves suffering
–
Cause of suffering is desire
–
Elimination of desire ends suffering
–
Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire
•
Diffused from India
46
B
u
d
d
h
i
s
m
•
Nirvana
–
Buddhism is a way of living that achieves
release from reincarnation and suffering
•
God is not knowable, so is, therefore,
not a major concern in Buddhism
•
Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) rejected
the caste system
47
B
u
d
d
h
i
s
m
•
Scriptures: Vinaya (discipline) – expanded
later
•
Branches:
–
Theravada (south) – monk seeks own
deliverance
–
Mahayana (north) – role of bodhisattvas &
ritual
–
Tibetan Lamaism – example of syncretism
48
B
r
a
n
c
h
e
s
o
f
B
u
d
d
h
i
s
m
49
T
h
e
E
i
g
h
t
-
F
o
l
d
P
a
t
h
50
O
t
h
e
r
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
•
Eastern Religions
–
Confucianism – China
–
Taoism – China
–
Shinto – Japan
–
Zoroastrianism – Iran
–
Baha'i – Iran
•
Animism and Shamanism
–
Animism
•
Belief in influence of spirits or spiritual forces in all
creation
–
Shamanism
•
Shaman
51
Z
o
r
o
a
s
t
r
i
a
n
i
s
m
52
B
a
h
a
'
i
53
T
a
o
i
s
m
The natural is the essence
of all that must be known,
and the place
where all must return
54
C
o
n
f
u
c
i
a
n
i
s
m
55
S
h
i
n
t
o
i
s
m
56
A
n
i
m
i
s
m
a
n
d
S
h
a
m
a
n
i
s
m
•
Animism
•
Belief in influence of spirits or spiritual forces in all
creation
•
Characteristic of many African & Native American
religions
•
Shamanism
•
the religion of certain peoples, esp. some
indigenous to N Asia, based on a belief in good
and evil spirits who can be influenced only by the
shamans
57
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
&
P
o
l
i
t
i
c
s
•
Freedom of religion
–
Historically the exception rather than the “rule.”
•
Theocracy
–
Church rules directly – government based on
“scriptures.”
•
Separation of church and state
–
Islamic fundamentalists oppose it – favor theocracy
–
Instituted by United States Constitution to preserve
religious freedom.
•
Terrorism – unacceptable resort of those who feel
marginalized – usually more about power than it is
about religion (emotional excuse for violence)
58
S
o
c
i
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
•
Gender roles
–
Women’s rights, duties, obligations, opportunities, etc.
–
Patriarchal or matriarchal societies
•
Diet and food preparation restrictions
–
Kosher – ruled relate to how acceptable food is
prepared
–
Pork – forbidden to Jews & Muslims
–
Beef – unacceptable to Hindus – many are vegetarians
–
Alcohol – forbidden to Muslims
•
Ethics and morals
–
Guidelines for the “good” life
•
Schools and social and medical institutions
59
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
I
m
p
a
c
t
•
Burial practices – costs
–
Time constraints
–
Disposal methods & preparations
•
Protestantism and capitalis
–
“Protestant work ethic.” – version of Calvinism
•
Catholic Church and capitalism
–
Usury was considered sinful in the early church
–
Individualism with a social conscience
•
Confucianism verses individualism
60
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
•
Burial practices
–
Health considerations in India
•
Origin of the world
–
All have some creation story which usually
indicates the place of humans in that creation
•
Relationship with nature
–
Exploitive approach – Christianity in practice
rather in teaching
–
Adaptive approach – Animism and most
“Eastern” religions
61
O
t
h
e
r
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
•
Nature of God
–
Diest
–
Personal
•
Relation to others
–
Naturally ecumenical
–
Universalizing – emphasis on proselytizing
–
Ethnic – no emphasis on proselytizing
62
M
u
l
t
i
-
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
S
t
a
t
e
•
Where two religions compete to write
the laws, a means of working together
is needed to avoid possible conflict
–
N. Ireland & Canada
–
Lebanon
–
Philippines
–
Nigeria, Sudan,
–
Division of India in 1948
–
Sri Lanka
63
End of Chapter 7
Explore the intricate relationship between language, culture, and geography in Chapter 7 of "Introduction to Geography: People, Places, and Environment." Delve into the significance of languages, dialects, and religions as defining factors of human cultures, along with the role of language development and linguistic geography in shaping our world.
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Presentation Transcript
Introduction to Geography People, Places, and Environment, 3e Edward F. Bergman William H. Renwick Chapter 7: The Geography of Languages and Religions Holly Barcus, Morehead State University And Joe Naumann, UMSL
Language & Religion Two most important forces that bond and define human cultures Two most important factors defining culture regions 2
Defining Language Pronunciation and combination of words used to communicate within a group of people Important cultural index Structures individual perception of world 3
Language Regions Dialects Minor variations within a language Standard language Following formal rule of diction and grammar Official language Primary language for any given country Defacto or Dejure? Lingua franca Current language of international discourse 4
Linguistic Geography The study of different dialects across space Speech community a group of people who speak together Isoglosses Frequently parallel physical landscape features Geographical dialect continuum 5
Worlds Major Languages 3,000 distinct languages 50% of world population speak one of 12 major languages listed Mandarin Chinese is largest with 885 million English is the primary language of 350 million and is the official language of about 50 countries 7
Language Development Protolanguage Common ancestor to any group of today s languages Language family Languages related by descent from a common protolanguage Members of the same language family may not be mutually intelligible Cognates words related somewhat like cousins i.e. reign or royal (English) & Rajah (Hindi) Etymology study of word origins 10
Indo-European Language Family Identified by Sir William Jones, 1786 Proto-Indo-European Common ancestor of many modern languages Grimm s Law Set forth by Jacob Grimm of the Brothers Grimm Accounts for sound shifts as language family differentiated. 11
Indo-European Hearth? Hearth in vicinity of Turkey (Anatolia) Likely diffusion routes 13
Geography of Writing Orthography has spatial characteristics System of writing Sumerians Olmec Alphabets Roman Cyrillic Arabic Sometimes the same spoken language is written in different scripts Non-alphabetic - pictographic Chinese, Japanese, Korean 15
The same spoken language but different scripts Related script
Toponymy The study of place names Consists of: Natural features Origins/values of inhabitants Belief structures, religions Current or past heroes 18
Political Change & Name Change
Linguistic Differentiation National languages Imposed or encouraged by government with varying success De facto or de jure Nation building Philological nationalism Belief that mother tongues have given birth to nations. Postcolonial societies Imposed official languages by colonial ruler Not spoken by locals 21
Multiple Language States Polyglot states Having multiple official languages Can promote political devolution United States English always lingua franca Three major dialects in 13 colonies Non-English languages English is de facto official language, not de jure 22
Worlds Major Religions Systems of beliefs guiding behavior Orthopraxy (correctness of action or practice) Behavior oriented Orthodoxy ( correctness of belief or verbal expression) Theological/philosophical Fundamentalism -- the strict maintenance of the ancient or essential doctrines of any religion or ideology. Secularism -- a philosophy or world view that stresses human values without reference to religion or spirituality 24
Religions Classification and Distribution of Religions Universalizing: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism all proselytize Christianity is the most widespread In Africa, Islam is the fastest growing In SubSaharan Africa - Christianity Ethnic: Judaism, Hinduism, Shintoism Tribal (traditional) small-size ethnic 25
Judaism 28
Judaism 14 million adherents Monotheistic (claims to the oldest one) Based on covenant with Abraham Scriptures: Torah 5 books of the Law Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy Sects Orthodox, Conservative, Reform Israel More Jews in New York City than in Isreal Homeland for Jewish people Created 1948 Conflict between Israel and Palestine 29
Jewish Worship Synagogue came into existence during exile after the temple, which had previously been the center of worship, had been destroyed and many Jews had been taken to Babylon as captives. 30
Christianity 31
Christianity Emerged from Judaism Jesus was a Jew! Coptic Church Founded in Alexandria in CE 41 Still present in Egypt and Ethiopia Official religion of Roman Empire 312 CE Facilitated geographical spread Model for its bureaucratic structure Split with Eastern Orthodox 11thcentury CE Dark Ages preserver of European culture Protestant Reformation 1517 CE Significant growth in Africa, Asia and Latin America 32
Christian Fundamentals Areas of almost complete agreement Sacraments of Baptism & Matrimony Monotheism involving one God in a trinity of persons (referred to as a mystery) Blessing and sharing bread and wine at least in memory of Jesus sacrifice Jesus was/is 100% God and 100% human Salvation comes from belief in and acceptance of Jesus as one s savior There will be a second coming at the end of time 33
Christian Denominations Coptic Eastern Orthodox Greek, Serbian, Russian, Armenian, etc. Roman Catholic Latin Rite & Greek Rite Largest single denomination in the USA Protestant hundreds of denominations Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, etc. Peripheral significant differences from the mainstream Christian denominations Mormon, Jehova Witnesses, etc. 34
Islam 35
Islam Muhammad the final prophet 622 CE Allah (word for God) Monotheistic Major Sects: Sunni 85% and Shiite 15% Koran is sufficient to direct all aspects of life No clergy or building required Jews & Christians people of the book 36
Five Pillars Five Pillars of Islam Belief in one God Five daily prayers facing Mecca Generous alms (help to poor) Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 37
Hinduism 38
Hinduism Hinduism Most ancient religious tradition in Asia (world?) Vedas Hindu sacred texts May be viewed as monothestic Castes Brahman, priestly Kshatriya, warrior/ruler Vaisya, tradesman and farmer Sudra, servant and laborer Untouchables (de facto 5thcaste) Central belief is in reincarnation Transmigration of the soul Cycles of creation birth to death to birth Role of dharma & karma Effect on diet 39
Characteristics of Hinduism No clergy or religious requirements No real splintering or sects Can be practices in many ways & at many levels so there was no need to split off. No concept of a personal God Each individual is seeking to comprehend the ultimate reality while living out his/her dharma with the goal of union with Brahman once the cycle of reincarnation is ended. 40
Monotheism? 41
Sikhism 42
Sikhism Sikhism (attempt to reconcile Islam & Hinduism) Offshoot of Hinduism Centered around the Punjab area Guru Nanak 43
Buddhism 44
Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Kshatriya Caste Buddha Enlightened One Four Noble Truths Life involves suffering Cause of suffering is desire Elimination of desire ends suffering Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire Diffused from India 45
Buddhism Nirvana Buddhism is a way of living that achieves release from reincarnation and suffering God is not knowable, so is, therefore, not a major concern in Buddhism Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) rejected the caste system 46
Buddhism Scriptures: Vinaya (discipline) expanded later Branches: Theravada (south) monk seeks own deliverance Mahayana (north) role of bodhisattvas & ritual Tibetan Lamaism example of syncretism 47
The Eight-Fold Path The Way (the 8- Fold Path) The threefold scheme of morality 1. Right understanding 2. Right thought Faith (initially) Wisdom: III (ultimately) 3. Right speech 4. Right bodily action 5. Right livelihood Morality: I 6. Right moral effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration Meditation: II 49
Other Religions Eastern Religions Confucianism China Taoism China Shinto Japan Zoroastrianism Iran Baha'i Iran Animism and Shamanism Animism Belief in influence of spirits or spiritual forces in all creation Shamanism Shaman 50
