Interconnected Health: Human, Animal, and Ecosystem - A Historical Perspective
undefined
“Great
Mortalities”:
Animal Plagues,
Human Health,
and the Medical
Posthumanities,
1400-1770
M. Van der Gucht,
Virgil’s
Georgics
,
1697
undefinedZoonosis
: Infectious disease that
jumps from non-human animals to
humans
Reverse Zoonoisis
: Infectious disease
that jumps from humans to non-
human animals
Enzootic
: Disease event in nonhuman
animals, usually in a particular spatio-
temporal region
Epizootic
: Relatively more
widespread outbreak, maybe across a
continent, or across national borders
Panzootic
: Even wider spread, often
worldwide. Counterpart to human
“pandemic”
Paul Garland, “Zoonosis”
(
Johns Hopkins Magazine
)
The Fifth Plague of
Egypt
Plate 56 of the Saincte Bible.
(French, ca. 1675).
Girlolamo Fracastoro,
De contagion et contagiosis morbis
(1546)
Bernardo Ramazzini,
De constitutione anni M. DC.LXXXX
(1690)
Giovanni Lancisi,
Dissertatio Historica de Bovilla Peste
(1713)
“Recognizing that human health
(including mental health via the
human-animal bond) and ecosystem
health are inextricably linked, One
Health seeks to promote improve,
and defend the health and well-
being of all species by enhancing
cooperation between physicians,
veterinarians, other scientific health
and environmental professionals
and by promoting strengths in
management to achieve these
goals.”
Christoffel van Sichem (II),
1645-1646. “Plaag van de
veepest of plaag van hagel
en onweer.” Rijksmuseum,
Amsterdam.
One: Zoonotic Europe,
1400-1615
Two: Contagion and
Species Difference, 1712-
1770
Three: Literary Culture
and Viral Chatter
Conclusion: “Animals
Sick of the Plague”
One: Zoonotic Europe, 1400-1615
Some Early Modern Murrains
•
1407
Ireland “a great murrain” with “foul and bad weather”
•
1450
Ireland, loss of cattle and storms
•
1464
Ireland “epidemic cholera,” probably anthrax
•
1473
Ireland, loss of cattle
•
1480-82
European murrain; famine in France, women and children
draw ploughs “for loss of cattle.”
•
1480-82
Germany and Switzerland lost a third of cattle; outbreak in
Britain
•
1491
Ireland and Poland, epizootic
•
1492
Ireland, drought and epizootic
•
1494
Spain, murrain among “wild animals”
•
1496
Ireland harsh weather and “great destruction of cows” and
beasts
•
1499-1505
Germany, a “dreadful murrain”
•
1500
Britain (607 sheep died at Magdalen College)
•
1514
Italy FMD and rinderpest. Council of Venice forbids
distribution of beef and veal
•
1517
Britain, anthrax killing cattle, ravens, and dogs
•
1559, 1562
Prussia, rinderpest
•
1566
Flanders
•
1581
England, Kent (13 women accused of witchcraft)
•
1590
Venice plague. Edicts against beef, cheese, butter, and milk
•
1598
Rinderpest in Germany after 2 years of starvation over
Northern Europe
•
1598
Austria, ordered separating sick and well; forbade
burning of cattle bodies
•
1599
Venice prohibits cattle imports from Hungary and Dalmatia
•
1600-1700
Asia, “nearly all cattle” destroyed
•
1604
France, Lyon: laws on infected cattle
•
1607
Norfolk “rot” followed by a flood
•
1609
Rinderpest in Eastern and Central Europe
•
1616
Cattle disease “devastates” Italy
•
1618
Spain, cattle disease “enzootic for 22 years”
•
1656
Italy, sheep and cattle deaths precede bubonic plague
•
1623
Murrain in Scotland
•
1625
Hungary, cattle plague
•
1630-31
Britain, “possible rinderpest”
•
1633
Britain, “mortality of cattle”
•
1665
England, “great Mortalitie” before Plague of London
•
1665-1682
Germany. Dead cattle ordered surrendered to executioner
•
1671
Anthrax and flood in Europe
•
1679
Austria, cattle disease
•
1682
Murrain in Italy, Switzerland, France, and Germany
•
1690-91
Padua, Mass die-offs of oxen, horses, pigs, bees, and silkworms
Compiled from Clive Spinage
, Cattle Plague: A History
(2003)
Epizootic Events during
Shakespeare’s Lifetime
Cannaregio sestiere
of Venice, 16
th
C.
Shylock
: A pound of man’s flesh taken from a man/ Is
not so estimable, profitable neither/ As flesh of muttons,
beefs, or goats (1.3. 64-68).
Lancelot
: This making of Christians will raise the /price
of hogs: if we grow all to be pork-eaters/ we shall not
shortly have a rasher on the coals for money (3.5.19-21).
Antonio
: I am a tainted wether of the flock,/ Meetest for
death; the weakest kind of fruit/ Drops earliest to the
ground; and so let me (4.1. 113-15).
There haue beene some Beastes
that haue dyed of the murren (as I
haue beene credibly tolde) hee that
fleade him died soone after, and he
that went with it to the tanner, and
the horse that carried it, and the
tanner that tanned it, all these died
soone therevppon, which was
thought it was by the infection of
the stinking skinne, but beeing true,
it was a maruellous infection.
(67)
Leonard Mascall,
The First
Booke of Cattell
(London,
1587).
Two: Contagion and Species Difference
1712-1770
Jan Luyken (1649-1712). Dutch.
Jan Luykens, “Plaag vn de
veepest” (Dutch, 1712.)
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
J. Riguaud after M. Serres, “The Port of Marseille during the plague of 1720.”
Thomas Bates,
, “A brief account
of the contagious disease which
raged among the milch cowes
near London, in the year 1714. “
•
Right: Jan Josef
Horemans the
Elder, “The Cattle
Market” (Flemish,
18
th
C.)
“Experience demonstrates,
that Contagions may be
communicated to the same
Species, by touching the
Woolen, Linnen, etc. to which
the Infectious
Effluvia
of the
Diseased had adhered, tho’
the two Bodies should be at a
very great distance; and I
verily believe that more
Hundreds had died from the
Infection, which was carried
by the Intercourse that the
Cow keepers had with each
other, than single ones by the
original Putrifaction.”
“
BUT
if these subtile and active Particles
be of that Nature, that they can penetrate
the Pores of other Animals, and occasion a
like Coagulation of their Blood, not only
Men, but Brutes also, will be seized with
a
Pestilence
; but this does not always very
necessarily happen; because the Blood of
Animals is different from humane
Blood…”
John Quincy, “Of the different causes of
pestilential diseases, and how they became
contagious. With remarks upon the
infection in France” (1720)
“It is true that
people used all
possible precaution.
When any one
bought a joint of
meat in the market,
they would not take
it off the butcher’s
hand, but took it off
the hooks
themselves.”
Jan Smit, “God Strikes the Netherlands with
rinderpest,” 1745
“It behoves every individual to exert, his utmost
endeavors, according to his situation, to avert this
impending danger of one of the most heavy calamities that
can befall any European country: and more especially our
own; where the luxurious habits of the common people, the
difficulty of obtaining a supply of cattle from other places,
and the high process of the necessaries of life, would
render the effects of a scarcity of horned beasts, and
consequently all other provisions, particularly grievous and
intolerable” (481).
James Dossie,
Memoirs of Agriculture
(1768)
Three: Literary Culture and Viral
Chatter
You shames of Rome! You herd
of—boils and plagues
Plaster you o’er, that you may be
abhorred
Farther than seen, and one infect
another
Against the wind a mile!
(
Coriolanus
1.5. 1-5)
Dejected first she hung her drooping head,
Refus’d her meat, and from her pasture fled;
Then dull and languid seem’d her plaintive eye
Her breath grew noisome, and her udder dry…
Scorch’d with perpetual thirst, short sighs she drew;
Furr’d was her tongue, and to her mouth it grew:
Her burning nostrils putrid rheums distill’d,
And death’s strong agonies her bowels fill’d;
Each limb contracted, and a groan each breath,
Lost ease I wish’d her, and it came in death:
Cast out, infected, and abhorr’d by all;
See how the useful, and the beauteous fall!
Not eve’n her skin---when living, sleek and red,
Can aught avail me, Colin, now she’s dead.
From William Dodd, “Diggon Davy’s Resolution on the Death of his
Last Cow” (1747)
Jean Baptiste Oudry, ”The
Animals Fallen Sick With
the Plague” (1755)
To make amends
And cleanse us of this
scourge, the worst
Sinner amongst us must, in
sacrifice,
Be offered to the gods.
That is the price
Their wrath demands. (56)
lcol@illinois.edu
“Great Mortalities”: Animal Plagues, Human Health,
and the Medical Posthumanities,1400-1770
June 10, 2020
Explore the intricate relationship between human health, animal plagues, and ecosystem well-being from 1400 to 1770 through zoonosis, epidemics, and early modern murrains. Delve into the concept of One Health, advocating for collaboration among healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and environmental experts to safeguard all species' health.
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Presentation Transcript
Great Mortalities : Animal Plagues, Human Health, and the Medical Posthumanities, 1400-1770 M. Van der Gucht, Virgil s Georgics, 1697
Zoonosis: Infectious disease that jumps from non-human animals to humans Reverse Zoonoisis: Infectious disease that jumps from humans to non- human animals Enzootic: Disease event in nonhuman animals, usually in a particular spatio- temporal region Epizootic: Relatively more widespread outbreak, maybe across a continent, or across national borders Panzootic: Even wider spread, often worldwide. Counterpart to human pandemic Paul Garland, Zoonosis (Johns Hopkins Magazine)
The Fifth Plague of Egypt Plate 56 of the Saincte Bible. (French, ca. 1675).
Girlolamo Fracastoro, De contagion et contagiosis morbis (1546) Bernardo Ramazzini, De constitutione anni M. DC.LXXXX (1690) Giovanni Lancisi, Dissertatio Historica de Bovilla Peste (1713)
Recognizing that human health (including mental health via the human-animal bond) and ecosystem health are inextricably linked, One Health seeks to promote improve, and defend the health and well- being of all species by enhancing cooperation between physicians, veterinarians, other scientific health and environmental professionals and by promoting strengths in management to achieve these goals.
One: Zoonotic Europe, 1400-1615 Two: Contagion and Species Difference, 1712- 1770 Three: Literary Culture and Viral Chatter Conclusion: Animals Sick of the Plague Christoffel van Sichem (II), 1645-1646. Plaag van de veepest of plaag van hagel en onweer. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
Some Early Modern Murrains 1407 Ireland a great murrain with foul and bad weather 1450 Ireland, loss of cattle and storms 1464 Ireland epidemic cholera, probably anthrax 1473 Ireland, loss of cattle 1480-82 European murrain; famine in France, women and children draw ploughs for loss of cattle. 1480-82 Germany and Switzerland lost a third of cattle; outbreak in Britain 1491 Ireland and Poland, epizootic 1492 Ireland, drought and epizootic 1494 Spain, murrain among wild animals 1496 Ireland harsh weather and great destruction of cows and beasts
1500 Britain (607 sheep died at Magdalen College) 1514 Italy FMD and rinderpest. Council of Venice forbids distribution of beef and veal 1517 Britain, anthrax killing cattle, ravens, and dogs 1559, 1562 Prussia, rinderpest 1566 Flanders 1581 England, Kent (13 women accused of witchcraft) 1590 Venice plague. Edicts against beef, cheese, butter, and milk 1598 Rinderpest in Germany after 2 years of starvation over Northern Europe 1598 Austria, ordered separating sick and well; forbade burning of cattle bodies 1599 Venice prohibits cattle imports from Hungary and Dalmatia
1600-1700 1604 1607 1609 1616 1618 1656 1623 1625 1630-31 1633 1665 1665-1682 1671 1679 1682 1690-91 Asia, nearly all cattle destroyed France, Lyon: laws on infected cattle Norfolk rot followed by a flood Rinderpest in Eastern and Central Europe Cattle disease devastates Italy Spain, cattle disease enzootic for 22 years Italy, sheep and cattle deaths precede bubonic plague Murrain in Scotland Hungary, cattle plague Britain, possible rinderpest Britain, mortality of cattle England, great Mortalitie before Plague of London Germany. Dead cattle ordered surrendered to executioner Anthrax and flood in Europe Austria, cattle disease Murrain in Italy, Switzerland, France, and Germany Padua, Mass die-offs of oxen, horses, pigs, bees, and silkworms Compiled from Clive Spinage, Cattle Plague: A History (2003)
Epizootic Events during Shakespeare s Lifetime
Shylock: A pound of mans flesh taken from a man/ Is not so estimable, profitable neither/ As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats (1.3. 64-68). Lancelot: This making of Christians will raise the /price of hogs: if we grow all to be pork-eaters/ we shall not shortly have a rasher on the coals for money (3.5.19-21). Antonio: I am a tainted wether of the flock,/ Meetest for death; the weakest kind of fruit/ Drops earliest to the ground; and so let me (4.1. 113-15).
There haue beene some Beastes that haue dyed of the murren (as I haue beene credibly tolde) hee that fleade him died soone after, and he that went with it to the tanner, and the horse that carried it, and the tanner that tanned it, all these died soone therevppon, which was thought it was by the infection of the stinking skinne, but beeing true, it was a maruellous infection.(67) Leonard Mascall, The First Booke of Cattell (London, 1587).
Two: Contagion and Species Difference 1712-1770
Jan Luykens, Plaag vn de Jan Luyken (1649-1712). Dutch. veepest (Dutch, 1712.) Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
J. Riguaud after M. Serres, The Port of Marseille during the plague of 1720.
Experience demonstrates, that Contagions may be communicated to the same Species, by touching the Woolen, Linnen, etc. to which the Infectious Effluvia of the Diseased had adhered, tho the two Bodies should be at a very great distance; and I verily believe that more Hundreds had died from the Infection, which was carried by the Intercourse that the Cow keepers had with each other, than single ones by the original Putrifaction. Thomas Bates, , A brief account of the contagious disease which raged among the milch cowes near London, in the year 1714.
BUT if these subtile and active Particles be of that Nature, that they can penetrate the Pores of other Animals, and occasion a like Coagulation of their Blood, not only Men, but Brutes also, will be seized with a Pestilence; but this does not always very necessarily happen; because the Blood of Animals is different from humane Blood John Quincy, Of the different causes of pestilential diseases, and how they became contagious. With remarks upon the infection in France (1720)
It is true that people used all possible precaution. When any one bought a joint of meat in the market, they would not take it off the butcher s hand, but took it off the hooks themselves.
Jan Smit, God Strikes the Netherlands with rinderpest, 1745
It behoves every individual to exert, his utmost endeavors, according to his situation, to avert this impending danger of one of the most heavy calamities that can befall any European country: and more especially our own; where the luxurious habits of the common people, the difficulty of obtaining a supply of cattle from other places, and the high process of the necessaries of life, would render the effects of a scarcity of horned beasts, and consequently all other provisions, particularly grievous and intolerable (481). James Dossie, Memoirs of Agriculture (1768)
You shames of Rome! You herd of boils and plagues Plaster you o er, that you may be abhorred Farther than seen, and one infect another Against the wind a mile! (Coriolanus 1.5. 1-5)
Dejected first she hung her drooping head, Refus d her meat, and from her pasture fled; Then dull and languid seem d her plaintive eye Her breath grew noisome, and her udder dry Scorch d with perpetual thirst, short sighs she drew; Furr d was her tongue, and to her mouth it grew: Her burning nostrils putrid rheums distill d, And death s strong agonies her bowels fill d; Each limb contracted, and a groan each breath, Lost ease I wish d her, and it came in death: Cast out, infected, and abhorr d by all; See how the useful, and the beauteous fall! Not eve n her skin---when living, sleek and red, Can aught avail me, Colin, now she s dead. From William Dodd, Diggon Davy s Resolution on the Death of his Last Cow (1747)
To make amends And cleanse us of this scourge, the worst Sinner amongst us must, in sacrifice, Be offered to the gods. That is the price Their wrath demands. (56) Jean Baptiste Oudry, The Animals Fallen Sick With the Plague (1755)
lcol@illinois.edu Great Mortalities : Animal Plagues, Human Health, and the Medical Posthumanities,1400-1770 June 10, 2020
