Industry Role in Energy and Environment: Structural Measures and Emissions Calculation

The industry plays a vital role in energy and environmental management through structural measures like energy savings and efficiency improvements across various sources. Emissions calculations are essential in assessing the impact of abatement technologies on reducing pollutants. The interplay between industry practices, energy transition, and environmental sustainability requires careful consideration to minimize harmful emissions and promote a greener future.

• Industry Role
• Structural Measures
• Emissions Calculation
• Energy Transition
• Environmental Sustainability

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1. GAINS-EECA Workshop Industry in GAINS Shaohui Zhang IIASA - Energy, Climate and Environment (ECE) Program, Pollution Management (PM) Research Group 7 November 2023 Please consider the environment before printing this slide deck Icon from all-free-download.com, Environmental icons 310835, by BSGstudio, license CC-BY all-free-download.com BSGstudio This presentation is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2. Industry role in energy and environment Structural measures Energy savings, efficiency improvements: bans all pollutants Biomass: CO2 NOx , PM, SO2 , HC Nuclear power generation : CO2 , SO2 , NOx , PM, HC Wind power generation : CO2 , SO2 , NOx , PM, HC Solar power generation : CO2 , SO2 , NOx , PM, HC Stationary sources Advanced residential combustion: CO2 , NOx , HC Large co-generation (CHP): CO2 , SO2, NOx , PM NMVOC Small co-generation (CHP): CO2 , SO2 , PM NOx , CH4 , NMVOC SCR, SNCR: NOx , NH3 FGD: SO2 , PM , CO2 Biomass co-firing in gas: CO2 NOx , PM, SO2 Biomass co-firing in coal: CO2 , SO2 , PM NOx , NMVOC CCS (post combustion, coal) : CO2 , SO2 NOx , PM, NH3 CCS industry : CO2 NOx , PM, SO2 Heat pumps : CO2 , NOx PM, SO2 Mobile sources Euro-standards: NOx , PM, HC NH3 Road pricing : CO2 , NOx , PM Road fuel taxes : CO2 , NOx , SO2 , PM CO2 standards cars/trucks: CO2 , SO2 Biofuels road vehicles: CO2 Electric vehicles2: CO2 NOx , SO2 Agricultural sources Low nitrogen cattle feed: NH3 , CH4 Improved injection of manure: NH3 N2O Anaerobic digestion-biogas: CO2 , CH4 NOx , SO2 , NMVOC, PM Anaerobic digestion (CHP): CO2 , CH4 , SO2 NOx , NMVOC, PM Air scrubbers animal housings: NH3 , PM CO2 Other sources Green gas landfill/sewage treatment: CO2 , CH4 NOx , SO2 , PM, NMVOC Industrial processes and activities consumed a large amount of energy that is dominated by fossil fuels (e.g., and coal). These activities generate emissions of hazardous substances, like GHGs and air pollutants and cause damage to human health. The future demand of key materials will continue increase for supporting the sustainable manufacture and energy transition to zero emission system. Note: HC = Hydrocarbons, CH4 = methane, PM = particulate matter

3. GAINS emissions calculation k j , k j , = = 1 E E A ef ( eff )X , , , , , , , i i j k m i j k i j k m i,j,k,m , , m m i,j,k,m Ei A ef effm X Country, sector, fuel, abatement technology Emissions in country i Activity in a given sector Rawgas emission factor Reduction efficiency of the abatement option m Implementation rate of the considered abatement measure

4. Manufacturing Industries: sectorial combustion IN IN_BO IN_OCTOT IN_BO_CON IN_OC_ISTE IN_BO_CHEM IN_OC_CHEM IN_OC_NFME IN_OC_NMMI IN_BO_PAP IN_OC_PAP Industrial combustion Industry: combustion in boilers (heat only boilers, all sectors) Industry: other combustion (all sectors) Industry, transformation sector, combustion in boilers Industry: iron and steel (other combustion) Industry: chemical industry (combustion in boilers) Industry: chemical industry (other combustion) Industry: non-ferrous metals (other combustion) Industry: non-metallic minerals (other combustion) Industry: paper and pulp production (combustion in boilers) Industry: paper and pulp production (other combustion) Industry: other sectors; combustion of brown coal/lignite and hard coal in IN_BO_OTH_L large boilers ( >50 MWth) Industry: other sectors; combustion of brown coal/lignite and hard coal in IN_BO_OTH_S small boilers ( < 50 MWth) Industry: other sectors; combustion of fossil fuels other than brown IN_BO_OTH IN_OC_OTH coal/lignite and hard coal Industry: other sectors (other combustion) Industry: other combustion (all sectors) except fuel consumption in mineral IN_OC NONEN products industry (used only for emissions calculations) Nonenergy use of fuels

5. Industrial process in GAINS Abbreviation Description PROD Production of natural gas or crude oil Energy PR_REF Ind. Process: Crude oil & other products - input to petroleum refineries Mining and storage for energy and material PR_BRIQ Ind. Process: Briquettes production PR_ALPRIM PR_ALSEC PR_OT_NFME Ind. Process: Aluminum production - primary Ind. Process: Aluminum production - secondary Ind. Process: Other non-ferrous metals prod. - primary and secondary non-ferrous metals Abbreviation Description CONSTRUCT Construction activities non-metallic minerals PR_GLASS Ind. Process: Glass production (flat, blown, container glass) MINE_BC Mining: Brown coal PR_BRICK Ind. Process: Bricks production PR_CEM Ind. Process: Cement production MINE_HC Mining: Hard coal PR_LIME Ind. Process: Lime production Mining: Bauxite, copper, iron ore, zinc ore, manganese ore, other PR_COKE Ind. Process: Coke oven MINE_OTH PR_SINT Ind. Process: Agglomeration plant - sinter Storage and handling: Agricultural products (crops) PR_SINT_F Ind. Process: Agglomeration plant - sinter (fugitive) STH_AGR PR_PELL Ind. Process: Agglomeration plant - pellets STH_COAL Storage and handling: Coal PR_BAOX Ind. Process: Basic oxygen furnace Iron and Steel STH_FEORE Storage and handling: Iron ore PR_EARC Ind. Process: Electric arc furnace STH_NPK Storage and handling: N,P,K fertilizers PR_HEARTH Ind. Process: Open hearth furnace Storage and handling: Other industrial products (cement, bauxite, coke) PR_PIGI Ind. Process: Pig iron, blast furnace STH_OTH_IN PR_PIGI_F Ind. Process: Pig iron, blast furnace (fugitive) PR_CAST Ind. Process: Cast iron (grey iron foundries) PR_CAST_F Ind. Process: Cast iron (grey iron foundries) (fugitive) Paper PR_PULP Ind. Process: Paper pulp mills Fertilizer PR_FERT Ind. Process: Fertilizer production PR_NIAC PR_OTHER Ind. Process: Nitric acid Ind. Process: Production of glass fiber, gypsum, PVC, other PR_CBLACK Ind. Process: Carbon black production PR_ADIP Ind. Process: Adipic acid production

6. Abbreviation Description BC1 BC2 DC HC1 HC2 HC3 MD GSL HF LPG GAS OS1 ARD BGS BIO BMG CHCOA DNG FWD OS2 BLIQ WSFR WSFNR REN GTH SHP SPV STH WND HYD NUC HT ELE Brown coal/lignite, grade 1 Brown coal/lignite, grade 2 (includes peat) Derived coal (coke, briquettes) Hard coal, grade 1 Hard coal, grade 2 Hard coal, grade 3 Medium distillates (diesel, light fuel oil; includes biofuels) Gasoline and other light fractions of oil; includes biofuels Heavy fuel oil Liquefied petroleum gas Natural gas (incl. CNG and derived gases) Biomass fuels Agricultural residuals - direct use Bagasse Biogas Biomass gasification Charcoal Dung Fuelwood direct Other biomass and waste fuels Black liquor Waste fuel, renewable Waste fuels, non-renewable Renewable energy other than biomass Geothermal Small hydro power Solar photovoltaic Solar thermal Wind Hydro Nuclear Heat (steam, hot water) Electricity Fuel Categories in GAINS Coal Fossil fuels Oil Gas Combustible Renewable Non-Combustible

7. Main emission control options for NOx in Industry Abbreviation Description FLR_GP Good practice in oil and gas industry - flaring IOGCM Combustion modification on oil and gas industrial boilers and furnaces IOGCSC Combustion modification and selective catalytic reduction on oil and gas industrial boilers and furnaces IOGCSN Combustion modification and selective non-catalytic reduction on oil and gas industrial boilers and furnaces ISFCM Combustion modification on solid fuels fired industrial boilers and furnaces ISFCSC Combustion modification and selective catalytic reduction on solid fuels fired industrial boilers and furnaces ISFCSN Combustion modification and selective non-catalytic reduction on solid fuels fired industrial boilers and furnaces NOC No control NSC_NOX Stock not suitable for NOx control PRNOX1 Process emissions - stage 1 NOx control PRNOX2 Process emissions - stage 2 NOx control PRNOX3 Process emissions - stage 3 NOx control

8. Main emission control options for PM2.5 in Industry Abbreviation Description FLR_GP Good practice in oil and gas industry - flaring IN_CYC Cyclone - industrial combustion IN_ESP1 Electrostatic precipitator: 1 field - industrial combustion IN_ESP2 Electrostatic precipitator: 2 fields - industrial combustion IN_HED High efficiency deduster - industrial combustion MINE_GP Good practice in mining industry NOC No control NSC_PM Stock not suitable for control PRF_GP1 Good practice: ind.process - stage 1 (fugitive) PRF_GP2 Good practice: ind.process - stage 2 (fugitive) PR_CYC Cyclone - - industrial process PR_ESP1 Electrostatic precipitator: 1 field - industrial processes PR_ESP2 Electrostatic precipitator: 2 fields - industrial processes PR_HED High efficiency deduster - industrial processes STH_GP Good practice: storage and handling VSBK Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln with basic dust control TK_EOF Tunnel Kiln with end of pipe abatement

9. Main emission control options for SO2 in Industry Abbreviation FLR_GP IWFGD LINJ LSCK LSCO LSGSL LSHF LSMD1 LSMD2 LSMD3 NOC NSC_SO2 RFGD SO2PR1 SO2PR2 SO2PR3 Description Good practice in oil and gas industry - flaring Industry - wet flue gases desulphurisation In-furnace control - limestone injection Low sulphur coke (0.6 %S) Low sulphur coal (0.6 %S) Low sulphur gasoline (0.001 %S) Low sulphur fuel oil (0.6 %S) Low sulphur diesel oil - stage 1 (0.2 % S) Low sulphur diesel oil - stage 2 (0.045 % S) Low sulphur diesel oil - stage 3 (0.001 % S) No control Stock not suitable for SO2 control High efficiency flue gases desulphurisation Process emissions - stage 1 SO2 control Process emissions - stage 2 SO2 control Process emissions - stage 3 SO2 control

10. Rules for Energy Activity: Energy and material Balance Process All Processes Upload name CHN_NDC Upload: NO UPLOAD Units: Mt Upload: shaohui NO UPLOAD Units: PJ Region Energy - industry Upload name year CHN_NDC Act_abb CHIN_BEIJ Owner Activity NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF NOF Sector MINE_BC MINE_HC MINE_OTH PR_CEM PR_LIME PR_ALPRIM PR_ALSEC PR_BAOX PR_BRIQ PR_BRICK PR_CAST PR_CAST_F PR_CBLACK PR_COKE PR_EARC PR_GLASS PR_HEARTH PR_NIAC PR_OTHER PR_OT_NFME PR_PELL PR_PIGI PR_PIGI_F PR_PULP PR_REF PR_SINT PR_SINT_F PR_SUAC STH_AGR STH_COAL STH_FEORE STH_NPK STH_OTH_IN PR_ADIP Unit Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.580 0.500 0.024 0.016 0.000 0.016 13.491 0.368 0.368 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.336 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 16.109 0.000 0.000 0.113 1.198 27.399 0.000 0.071 13.888 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.592 0.500 0.024 0.019 0.000 0.006 7.966 0.447 0.447 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.371 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 18.033 0.000 0.000 0.090 1.068 3.445 0.000 0.062 12.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.460 0.500 0.024 0.020 0.000 0.008 4.704 0.439 0.439 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.416 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 19.024 0.000 0.000 0.079 0.986 2.825 0.000 0.056 10.997 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.323 0.500 0.023 0.020 0.000 46.298 2.778 0.420 0.420 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.436 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 17.946 0.000 0.000 0.065 0.937 2.023 0.000 0.053 9.835 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.201 0.500 0.022 0.021 0.000 9.168 1.640 0.398 0.398 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.486 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 17.600 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.937 1.062 0.000 0.053 9.510 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.084 0.500 0.020 0.022 0.000 4.893 0.969 0.375 0.375 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.546 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 17.230 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.937 0.752 0.000 0.054 9.059 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.981 0.500 0.019 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.572 0.353 0.353 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.542 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 18.375 0.000 0.000 0.061 0.937 0.601 0.000 0.054 9.059 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.874 0.500 0.018 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.338 0.330 0.330 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.524 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 18.398 0.000 0.000 0.061 0.937 0.537 0.000 0.054 9.059 0.000 IN_BO IN_OCTOT IN_OC_ISTE IN_BO_CHEM IN_OC_CHEM IN_OC_NFME IN_OC_NMMI IN_BO_PAP IN_OC_PAP IN_BO_OTH_L 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.70 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 1.08 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.00 2.87 0.00 7.10 -15.89 16.47 0.01 8.37 2.80 20.76 0.06 IN_BO_OTH IN_OC_OTH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.09 1.88 IN_BO_CON IN_BO_OTH_S 2015 BC1 2015 BC2 2015 HC1 2015 HC2 2015 HC3 2015 DC 2015 OS1 2015 OS2 2015 HF 2015 MD 2015 GSL 2015 LPG 2015 GAS 2015 H2 2015 REN 2015 HYD 2015 NUC 2015 ELE 2015 HT 2015 Sum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -14.31 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.79 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.27 1.63 0.01 0.42 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 0.12 21.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.14 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 5.26 9.58 If energy (e.g., ELE) changed in Industry 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.97 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -29.08 5.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -74.48 13.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.44 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.42 4.74 0.01 1.64 534.57 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 56.07 81.99 692.44 532.61 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 44.40 53.03 632.63 NO UPLOAD Region PP_NEW PJ Energy - total Upload name year Upload: shaohui PP_EX_L CHN_NDC Act_abb Owner PP_EX_S NO UPLOAD Region IN_OCTOT PJ Energy - total Upload name CHN_NDC year 2015 BC1 2015 BC2 2015 HC1 2015 HC2 2015 HC3 2015 DC 2015 OS1 2015 OS2 2015 HF 2015 MD 2015 GSL 2015 LPG 2015 GAS 2015 H2 2015 REN 2015 HYD 2015 NUC 2015 ELE 2015 HT 2015 Sum Upload: shaohui IN_BO Units: CHIN_BEIJ DOM PP_EX_OTH PP_NEW_L PP_MOD PP_MOD_CCS PP_IGCC PP_IGCC_CCS PP_ENG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 PP_TOTAL Owner CON_LOSS 2015 BC1 2015 BC2 2015 HC1 2015 HC2 2015 HC3 2015 DC 2015 OS1 2015 OS2 2015 HF 2015 MD 2015 GSL 2015 LPG 2015 GAS 2015 H2 2015 REN 2015 HYD 2015 NUC 2015 ELE 2015 HT 2015 Sum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 4.04 0.00 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.00 101.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 111.16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.0 1.34 2.27 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 58.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 1.1 0.00 0.00 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Act_abb CON_COMB TRA_RD TRA_OT TRA_OTS PP_TOTAL NONEN SUM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 6.9 5.0 0.0 8.6 17.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 34.7 85.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -74.5 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.7 0.0 1.6 534.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 56.1 82.0 692.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.0 0.1 5.6 0.0 0.0 23.8 0.3 22.1 62.9 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.0 166.1 65.2 459.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.8 149.0 0.7 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 264.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.9 243.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 279.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.6 0.0 110.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 151.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110.88 1.04 5.37 2.27 6.14 1.07 1.72 0.00 126.10 0.00 1.91 22.5 110.9 1.0 5.4 2.3 6.1 1.1 1.7 0.0 126.1 0.0 1.9 22.5 0.0 -80.3 -107.4 91.2 301.4 2.4 11.0 2.3 67.3 124.4 504.9 33.4 784.1 0.0 16.1 22.5 0.0 208.7 0.0 2078.4 0.0 -80.3 -107.4 91.23

11. Rules for emission control options

12. Data requirements for GAINS Data needs Initial IIASA version (international data) Data already implemented in GAINS (IEA, FAO, UN, China Yearbook, etc.) Current GAINS database, including region-specific parameterization Current GAINS database, including region-specific parameterization Current GAINS databases, including published info about legislation GAINS modelling based on global & regional atmospheric dispersion model Global WHO methodology Improved with input from national experts National data and projections Base year & projections of economic activities Emission factors Refinements based on local measurements Emission controls; efficiencies, costs Refinement based on national information Current/maximum application of emission controls Atmospheric dispersion Local information Regional/local fine scale model utilizing local monitoring campaigns Health impacts Local health statistics

13. Thank you very much for your attention! Dr. Shaohui Zhang Research Scholar Energy, Climate, and Environment Program (ECE) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg, Austria shaohui.zhang@iiasa.ac.at www.iiasa.ac.at This presentation is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License