Impact of Urban and Rural Areas on Environmental Pollution
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Topic: Statistics & Environment
Group Four
Members: Chan Yong Ming, Kwek Zi Wei Bernetta, Peh
Ching Hui Timothy
Presenter: Chan Yong Ming
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Group four: Smaje, Chris (2011). The ungreen city - or
the polluting countryside? Significance, 8(2), pp. 61-
64.
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Background
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Key Issues
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How does statistics affect?
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Possible implications
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What can be done?
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/82/6a/84/826a84cbea6db938fb99462b906c67ce.jpg
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http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela-
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http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela-
41.jpg
http://www.edie.net/news/1/Rural-areas-see-more-days-of-heavy-pollution-than-urban-neighbours/10992/
COMMON
MISCONCEPTION
“People living in urban or city areas contribute to less
impact on the environment than people living in the
countryside or rural areas”
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Satterthwaite, D. (2008) Cities’ contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Environment and Urbanization
,
20
, 539–549.
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Impact of a person or community on
environment
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Expressed as amount of land required
to sustain use of natural resources
http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/footprint_leaves_vertical_359002.gif
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Fallacy of composition
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Problems of reification and confounding
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Tension between economies of scale
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Comprehensiveness
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Applying correlation based on individuals towards the
aggregates correlation
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observed among individuals may not apply to
aggregated data
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Drawing conclusion about a population based on a
sample that is biased
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Sample chosen that reflects the population on
average being different than it actually is
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Something is true of a part cannot be inferred to the
whole
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City dwellers lower-impact lifestyles than country
dwellers
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Data does not support
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Reification = complex idea for when you treat
something immaterial
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Confounding factors
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Greater affluence in cities
Greater Ecological
footprint?
http://cpsresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/appliance-electronics-industry.jpg
http://mashable.com/2015/03/07/beauty-products-environment/#PagmdODcsOqT
Facial cleansers with microbeads
Electrical Appliances
https://www.smrt.com.sg/portals/0/Corporate/Our%20Identity/SMRT%20logo_small.png
http://oliveventures.com.sg/act/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/MB_image4_L.jpg
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Urbanisation
Affects Environmental Impacts
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Need to include
Confounding factors (Underlying
relationships)
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EOS = Proportionate saving in costs gained by an
increased level of production
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“Diseconomies of urbanity” = economic disadvantage
due to city life
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Resulting sewage sludge?
http://www.nib.int/filebank/a/1445602674/009b8036c66a414e9b7f008985abbcf0/4866-2013_Petrozavodsk_WWT_Sludge_Photo_DA_web.jpg?fb_bfn=4865-
2013_Petrozavodsk_WWT_Sludge_Photo_DA_web.jpg
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Many environment studies look only at
direct
impact
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Heating up
urban apartment
vs
rural cottage
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Other Impacts
: Street lighting, transport fuel, waste
disposal
http://cdn.decoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/
Living-room-of-the-renovated-apartment-embraces-a-white-backdrop
.jpg
http://www.cheznous.com/99266-cider-cottage.jpg
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wmDBy2Q0IG8/maxresdefault.jpg
http://marriottexecustay.com/furnished-apartments/kansas-city-mo/45-madison/property_photos/KansasCityFurnishedApartmentExterior-368x277.jpg
http://www.sunviewled.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SVL-SML-960X640-002.jpg
http://www.fish-on-friday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Sewage-Pollution.jpg
http://il2.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/16147342/thumb/1.jpg
https://johnnycat.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/gas1.jpg
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People living in city continue to be
unaware
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2 billion more people
on Earth in 2050
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Building new city of a million people every week for
next 40 years!
W
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Identifying
different
pollution sources
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Setting
regulatory standards
•
Better statistical analysis
of both
pollution
and
measures taken
to address
http://www.aladat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Plato-my-friend-famous-isaac-newton-quotes-aristotle-greatest-truth-contemporary-white-background-picture-drawing-simple.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/65/e8/0f/65e80f5ffd534394796e46b495f0e230.jpg
Let’s do our part
in stopping
pollution today!
Exploring the impact of urban and rural areas on environmental pollution, this discussion delves into the misconception that urban dwellers have a lesser impact on the environment compared to rural residents. Through statistics, findings, and ecological footprint evaluations, the presentation sheds light on the complex relationship between human settlements and environmental degradation, emphasizing the need for informed actions to mitigate pollution levels.
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Presentation Transcript
The The ungreen ungreen city or the polluting or the polluting countryside? countryside? city Topic: Statistics & Environment Group Four Members: Chan Yong Ming, Kwek Zi Wei Bernetta, Peh Ching Hui Timothy Presenter: Chan Yong Ming
Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Group four: Smaje, Chris (2011). The ungreen city - or the polluting countryside? Significance, 8(2), pp. 61- 64.
Outline Outline Background Key Issues How does statistics affect? Possible implications What can be done?
Which do you prefer? Which do you prefer? http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela- 41.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/82/6a/84/826a84cbea6db938fb99462b906c67ce.jpg
Less pollution? Less pollution? http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela- 41.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/82/6a/84/826a84cbea6db938fb99462b906c67ce.jpg
http://www.edie.net/news/1/Rural-areas-see-more-days-of-heavy-pollution-than-urban-neighbours/10992/http://www.edie.net/news/1/Rural-areas-see-more-days-of-heavy-pollution-than-urban-neighbours/10992/
COMMON MISCONCEPTION People living in urban or city areas contribute to less impact on the environment than people living in the countryside or rural areas
Findings Findings Satterthwaite, D. (2008) Cities contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization, 20, 539 549.
Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint Impact of a person or community on environment Expressed as amount of land required to sustain use of natural resources http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/footprint_leaves_vertical_359002.gif
Key Issues Key Issues Fallacy of composition Problems of reification and confounding Tension between economies of scale Comprehensiveness
Issue 1: Issue 1: Fallacy of Fallacy of composition composition
Atomistic Fallacy Atomistic Fallacy Applying correlation based on individuals towards the aggregates correlation observed among individuals may not apply to aggregated data
Biased Sample Fallacy Biased Sample Fallacy Drawing conclusion about a population based on a sample that is biased Sample chosen that reflects the population on average being different than it actually is
Fallacy of Composition Fallacy of Composition Something is true of a part cannot be inferred to the whole City dwellers lower-impact lifestyles than country dwellers Data does not support
Issue 2: Issue 2: Problems of Problems of reification and reification and confounding confounding
Problems of reification and Problems of reification and confounding confounding Reification = complex idea for when you treat something immaterial Confounding factors Greater affluence in cities Greater Ecological footprint?
Electrical Appliances Facial cleansers with microbeads http://cpsresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/appliance-electronics-industry.jpg http://mashable.com/2015/03/07/beauty-products-environment/#PagmdODcsOqT
Lower Environmental impacts Lower Environmental impacts https://www.smrt.com.sg/portals/0/Corporate/Our%20Identity/SMRT%20logo_small.png http://oliveventures.com.sg/act/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/MB_image4_L.jpg
Problems of reification and Problems of reification and confounding confounding Urbanisation Affects Environmental Impacts Need to include Confounding factors (Underlying relationships)
Issue 3: Issue 3: Tension between Tension between economies of scale economies of scale
Tension between economies of scale Tension between economies of scale EOS = Proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production Diseconomies of urbanity = economic disadvantage due to city life Resulting sewage sludge?
http://www.nib.int/filebank/a/1445602674/009b8036c66a414e9b7f008985abbcf0/4866-2013_Petrozavodsk_WWT_Sludge_Photo_DA_web.jpg?fb_bfn=4865-http://www.nib.int/filebank/a/1445602674/009b8036c66a414e9b7f008985abbcf0/4866-2013_Petrozavodsk_WWT_Sludge_Photo_DA_web.jpg?fb_bfn=4865- 2013_Petrozavodsk_WWT_Sludge_Photo_DA_web.jpg
Issue 4: Issue 4: Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness
Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness Many environment studies look only at direct impact Heating up urban apartment vs rural cottage Other Impacts: Street lighting, transport fuel, waste disposal
http://marriottexecustay.com/furnished-apartments/kansas-city-mo/45-madison/property_photos/KansasCityFurnishedApartmentExterior-368x277.jpghttp://marriottexecustay.com/furnished-apartments/kansas-city-mo/45-madison/property_photos/KansasCityFurnishedApartmentExterior-368x277.jpg http://www.cheznous.com/99266-cider-cottage.jpg https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wmDBy2Q0IG8/maxresdefault.jpg http://cdn.decoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Living-room-of-the-renovated-apartment-embraces-a-white-backdrop.jpg
http://www.sunviewled.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SVL-SML-960X640-002.jpghttp://www.sunviewled.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SVL-SML-960X640-002.jpg http://il2.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/16147342/thumb/1.jpg https://johnnycat.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/gas1.jpg http://www.fish-on-friday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Sewage-Pollution.jpg
Possible Implications Possible Implications People living in city continue to be unaware 2 billion more people on Earth in 2050 Building new city of a million people every week for next 40 years!
What can be done? What can be done? Identifying different pollution sources Setting regulatory standards Better statistical analysis of both pollution and measures taken to address
http://www.aladat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Plato-my-friend-famous-isaac-newton-quotes-aristotle-greatest-truth-contemporary-white-background-picture-drawing-simple.jpghttp://www.aladat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Plato-my-friend-famous-isaac-newton-quotes-aristotle-greatest-truth-contemporary-white-background-picture-drawing-simple.jpg
Lets do our part in stopping pollution today! https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/65/e8/0f/65e80f5ffd534394796e46b495f0e230.jpg
