Heat Stress and its Effects
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Definitions
Causal factors
Heat disorders and health effects
Prevention and control
Engineering controls
PPE
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Work practice controls
Acclimatization
Re-acclimating
Administrative controls
Work monitoring
Training
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Sum of environmental and metabolic heat loads on
an individual minus the heat loss to the environment,
primarily through evaporation
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Overall physiological response resulting from heat
stress
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Ambient air temperature
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Amount of moisture in the air
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Such as from the sun or a furnace
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Circulating air
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Age, weight, degree of physical fitness
Degree of acclimatization, metabolism
Use of alcohol or drugs
… as well as a variety of
medical conditions such as
hypertension all affect a
person’s sensitivity to heat.
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Prior heat injury predisposes an individual to
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Type of clothing worn must be considered
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Most common problem in hot work
environments
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Prickly heat is manifested as red papules and usually
appears in areas where the clothing is restrictive
Sweat cannot freely evaporate from the skin and
sweat ducts become plugged
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Prevented by breathable clothing, thorough
cleansing of the skin
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Treated by keeping skin dry, use of cooled sleeping
quarters, calamine lotion
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May result after excessive water loss,
sweating, dehydration
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Shriveled skin, sunken eyes, dry mouth and tongue
Severe pain and cramps in legs and abdomen,
fainting or dizziness, weakness, profuse
sweating, and headaches
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Increase fluid intake, increase salt intake, rest and
move to a cool place
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Blood moves toward outer body to remove
heat.
Blood pools in the skin leaving less for the brain.
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Fatigue, headache, dizziness, profuse sweating,
rapid pulse, thirst, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
and fainting
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Get to the shade, cool off, increase fluids, cold wet
towels or ice, fan, elevate legs above heart, loosen
clothing, don’t give any liquids containing alcohol or
caffeine, may need IV.
If condition worsens, seek medical
attention immediately.
If left untreated, heat exhaustion can
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A medical emergency and a life threatening
condition caused by the failure of the heat-
regulating mechanisms of the body, due to
high heat and humidity.
Core temperature rises, body stops sweating
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Skin is hot and dry, flushed; rapid pulse; confusion;
nausea; convulsions; rectal temp. > 105.8
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unconsciousness
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Heat stress hazards are cited using the
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The hazard was recognized in the industry,
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NCGS 95-129(1)
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General ventilation
Air treatment/air cooling – air conditioning
Local air cooling
Convection
Heat conduction
Radiant heat sources
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Insulation and surface modification
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Ice vests
Wetted clothing – low humidity
Water-cooled garments – hoods, vests and “long
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The fastest way to decrease the rate of heat
production is to decrease the work rate.
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The maximum possible output of heat decreases
with age.
Older people start sweating later and at a lower
rate.
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Skin area to weight ratios
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Successive heat exposures of at least one hour per
day
Initially, 20% exposure for the first day, followed by
20% per day increase in exposure over the next four
days
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50% exposure on day back
20% per day increase for the next 2 days
Final 10% on the 3
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Perform work activities during cooler periods of the
day
Minimize activity in hot area
Slow down the work pace
Reduce the number and duration of exposures
Wear proper clothing
Provide recovery areas
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Heart rate
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Oral temperature
Extent of body water loss
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Knowledge of hazards
Predisposing factors – age, etc.
Signs and symptoms
PPE
First aid
Health effects of heat stroke
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Excessive heat in the work environment can
lead to:
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Even death
The keys are:
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Prevention
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Definitions
Causal factors
Heat disorders and health effects
Prevention and control
Engineering controls
PPE
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y
Work practice controls
Acclimatization
Re-acclimating
Administrative controls
Work monitoring
Training
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Final Questions?
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Exploring the impact of heat stress on individuals, including definitions, causal factors, prevention methods, environmental factors, heat disorders, and health effects such as heat rash. Learn about the importance of acclimatization, work monitoring, and appropriate clothing to prevent heat-related injuries.
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Presentation Transcript
Objectives Definitions Causal factors Heat disorders and health effects Prevention and control Engineering controls PPE
Objectives Work practice controls Acclimatization Re-acclimating Administrative controls Work monitoring Training
Definitions Heat stress Sum of environmental and metabolic heat loads on an individual minus the heat loss to the environment, primarily through evaporation Heat strain Overall physiological response resulting from heat stress
The Four Environmental Factors Temperature Ambient air temperature Humidity Amount of moisture in the air Radiant heat Such as from the sun or a furnace Air velocity Circulating air
Causal Factors Age, weight, degree of physical fitness Degree of acclimatization, metabolism Use of alcohol or drugs as well as a variety of medical conditions such as hypertension all affect a person s sensitivity to heat.
Causal Factors Prior heat injury predisposes an individual to additional injury Type of clothing worn must be considered
Heat Disorders and Health Effects Heat rash Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
Heat Rash Most common problem in hot work environments Symptoms Prickly heat is manifested as red papules and usually appears in areas where the clothing is restrictive Sweat cannot freely evaporate from the skin and sweat ducts become plugged
Heat Rash Prevention Prevented by breathable clothing, thorough cleansing of the skin Treatment Treated by keeping skin dry, use of cooled sleeping quarters, calamine lotion
Heat Cramps May result after excessive water loss, sweating, dehydration Symptoms Shriveled skin, sunken eyes, dry mouth and tongue Severe pain and cramps in legs and abdomen, fainting or dizziness, weakness, profuse sweating, and headaches
Heat Cramps Treatment Increase fluid intake, increase salt intake, rest and move to a cool place
Heat Exhaustion Blood moves toward outer body to remove heat. Blood pools in the skin leaving less for the brain. Symptoms Fatigue, headache, dizziness, profuse sweating, rapid pulse, thirst, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fainting
Heat Exhaustion Treatment Get to the shade, cool off, increase fluids, cold wet towels or ice, fan, elevate legs above heart, loosen clothing, don t give any liquids containing alcohol or caffeine, may need IV. If condition worsens, seek medical attention immediately. If left untreated, heat exhaustion can lead to HEAT STROKE.
Heat Stroke A medical emergency and a life threatening condition caused by the failure of the heat- regulating mechanisms of the body, due to high heat and humidity. Core temperature rises, body stops sweating
Heat Stroke Symptoms Skin is hot and dry, flushed; rapid pulse; confusion; nausea; convulsions; rectal temp. > 105.8 F; unconsciousness
Heat Stroke Treatment Remove to cooler location, loosen clothing, immerse in cool water, wrap in wet sheets, cold compresses to the head, neck and groin. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. firstaid
Citations for Heat Stress? Heat stress hazards are cited using the General Duty Clause. General Duty Clause Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees conditions of employment and a place of employment that are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious injury or serious physical harm to his employees.
The General Duty ClauseNCGS 95-129(1) The employer failed to keep the workplace free of a hazard to which employees of that employer were exposed and: The hazard was recognized in the industry, The hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and There was a feasible and useful method to correct the hazard.
Prevention and Control Engineering controls Personal protective equipment (PPE) Work practice controls
Engineering Controls General ventilation Air treatment/air cooling air conditioning Local air cooling Convection Heat conduction Radiant heat sources Shielding Insulation and surface modification See full size image
Personal Protective Equipment Reflective clothing Auxiliary body cooling Ice vests Wetted clothing low humidity Water-cooled garments hoods, vests and long johns Circulating air vortex tubes, compressed air
Work Practice Controls Work rate The fastest way to decrease the rate of heat production is to decrease the work rate. Age (over 40) The maximum possible output of heat decreases with age. Older people start sweating later and at a lower rate. Body size Skin area to weight ratios
Acclimatization Acclimatization Successive heat exposures of at least one hour per day Initially, 20% exposure for the first day, followed by 20% per day increase in exposure over the next four days
Re-Acclimating After long absences 50% exposure on day back 20% per day increase for the next 2 days Final 10% on the 3rd day
Administrative Controls Administrative controls Perform work activities during cooler periods of the day Minimize activity in hot area Slow down the work pace Reduce the number and duration of exposures Wear proper clothing Provide recovery areas
Work Monitoring Programs Personal monitoring Heart rate Recovery heart rate Oral temperature Extent of body water loss
Training Knowledge of hazards Predisposing factors age, etc. Signs and symptoms PPE First aid Health effects of heat stroke
Bottom Line Excessive heat in the work environment can lead to: Serious physical harm, and Even death The keys are: Recognition of the potential, and Prevention
Summary Definitions Causal factors Heat disorders and health effects Prevention and control Engineering controls PPE
Summary Work practice controls Acclimatization Re-acclimating Administrative controls Work monitoring Training
Thank You For Attending! Final Questions?
