Formulation of Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypotheses in Epidemiological Studies
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R
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Q
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&
H
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s
Dr.Shaik Shaffi Ahamed
Associate Professor
Department of Family & Community Medicine
S
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Students will be able to
1.
Learn formulation of research question
2.
Differentiate between goals & objectives
3.
Define the specific objectives in terms of
the stated problem
4.
Describe the study hypothesis
2
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6
HbA1C < 7% is acceptable as adequate control
%
5
W
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q
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c
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t
o
y
o
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i
n
d
?
Reduction in prevalence of DM?
Improvement in well controlled DM?
W
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c
a
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a
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e
?
All the stated responses will lead towards
the goal of reducing the impact of DM in
Saudi Arabia and each research question
will be answered by stating clear objectives
6
A
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f
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i
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g
q
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t
i
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n
s
i
n
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i
a
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l
y
Do I have the time for this at this point during my
course?
Is this really the burning topic for me?
Will this be worth it?
Is this a major and relevant public health problem or
is it too esoteric?
Are my goals/objectives too big ? Am I covering too
much?
Will available methods answer my questions?
What are the ethical and human subject issues
here?
7
R
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a
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c
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Q
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t
i
o
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A well-defined and specific research
question is the key for making
decisions about study design and
population and subsequently what
type of data will be collected and
analyzed.
8
R
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IT SHOULD BE A SINGLE SENTENCE
IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION.
IT SHOULD BE CLEAR UNAMBIGUOUS
AND SPECIFIC
H
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Q
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i
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n
?
Be inspired by observing people & practices, by attending
seminars, conferences, & symposia
Review local, national, and regional problems
Discuss, collaborate and get input from your colleagues
Read about the topic, reviews, & research done; to find out
gaps in existing knowledge?
10
R
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Q
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N
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S
What are the items required to support
feasibility of my research question ?
Your background knowledge reflects in the
question
Background information (critical appraisal)
stated in intro/background section
11
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w
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g
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Familiarity with the subject helps define an
appropriate research question for a study.
Questions arise out of a perceived knowledge deficit
within a subject area or field of study. (pathways of
current knowledge and uncertainty )
The challenge in developing an appropriate
research question is in determining which
uncertainties could or should be studied and also
rationalizing the need for their investigation.
12
T
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Descriptive: describing a group, exploring
Relational: associations between two
variables in a group
Comparable: associations between two or
more variables in two or more groups
(Causality / prediction / intervention)
13
R
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C
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Q
U
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T
I
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N
S
(
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
)
What is the level of knowledge of “Biostatistics”
among 3
rd
year medical students ?
Is drug “A” better than drug “B” in the
management of hepatic failure in patients with
Cirrosis?
Is alcoholism related to the development of
Cirrosis liver?
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
&
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
Is concentration of blood cholesterol directly related
to dietary intake of saturated fat in Saudi population?
(hereditary?/ dietary/ metabolic ? Reasons in Saudi Population could
differ from other settings)
Does daily saturated fat intake by persons with
hypercholesterolemia differ from persons with normal
cholesterol range in Saudi population ?
(physical activity is in the pathway?)
15
E
v
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f
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a
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Q
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t
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How good and appropriate is the idea ?
Critique appropriateness of your Question
Merit of your question
Relationship of proposal to problem
16
G
O
O
D
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A
R
C
H
Q
U
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T
I
O
N
•
F
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a
s
i
b
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:
•
L
o
g
i
c
a
l
:
•
N
o
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e
l
:
•
E
t
h
i
c
a
l
:
•
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
:
17
F
I
N
E
R
c
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i
a
:
a
g
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d
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a
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q
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F
F
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• Adequate number of subjects • Adequate technical expertise
• Affordable in time and money • Manageable in scope
I
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•
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• To future research
18
G
o
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G
o
a
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O
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c
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=
G
o
a
l
s
It describes the aim of the work in broad
terms ( over a longer time period)
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
These are more specific and relate directly
to research question. They may be divided
into two types:
Primary objectives
(bound to be achieved)
Secondary objectives
(by the way)
R
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a
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c
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G
o
a
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&
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c
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The goal (aim) and objectives must be stated at
the very beginning of the study, since they will
guide the investigator during the process of
formulating research questions and hypothesis.
They will also help in the prioritization process.
They will enable the reader or consumer of the
work to judge whether the investigator had
achieved these objectives or not.
R
e
s
e
a
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c
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O
b
j
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c
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The research objectives should be:
Closely related to the research question
Covering all aspects of the problem
Very specific
Ordered in a logical sequence
S
t
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c
.
Achievable, taking into consideration the
available resources and time
Mutually exclusive, with no repetitions or
overlaps
S
M
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b
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S
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p
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b
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s
Properly formulated, specific
objectives will facilitate the
development of your research
methodology
and will help to orient
the
collection
,
analysis
,
interpretation
and
utilization
of data.
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
-
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
To study whether SNP markers are
associated with obesity and hypertension
phenotypes.
To assess the general population
knowledge & attitude towards Organ
donation
To identify the risk factors for Type-II
diabetes
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
Goal: To reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases in
Saudi population by developing evidence based
interventions
Question:
Is dietary intake of saturated fats over the
past xx weeks related to hypercholestrolemia in
Saudi adult population ?
Question:
Is dietary intake of saturated fats over a
period of xx months is associated with risk of
coronary heart disease in Saudi adult population
27
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
c
o
n
t
d
.
Specific Objective1:
To determine the daily intake of
saturated fats in the past 4 weeks in Saudi adults
Specific Objective 2:
To determine the relationship of
dietary intake of saturated fats and blood levels of
low density lipoprotein (LDL) in Saudi adults
Specific Objective3:
To determine the association of
dietary intake of saturated fats and intimal
thickness of coronary artery in Saudi adults
28
R
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a
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H
y
p
o
t
h
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s
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s
“ Research hypothesis is a
statement of the research question
in a measurable form”
R
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This is based on existing knowledge,
deriving it through critical reading of
literature and facts
Descriptive:
It is hypothesized that average daily intake
of saturated fat in Saudi adult population is
more than 20% of the recommended intake
when measured by xxx test and yyy
standards to define dietary saturated fat
intake.
31
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Specific Objective:
To determine the
relationship of dietary intake of saturated
fats and intimal thickness of coronary
artery
Hypothesis
It is hypothesized that > 20% of recommended saturated
fat intake in Saudi population will be associated with
50% increased intimal thickness of coronary artery when
compared to the normal intimal thickness measured by
XYZ
32
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
-
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
• We hypothesize that standard care plus new intervention
(additional drug) will be superior to standard care alone in
reducing CVD mortality among patients with preexisting
heart disease.
• We hypothesize that prophylaxis with inhaled
drug A will be superior to oral preparation of
drug B in preventing acute exacerbation of
reactive airway disease.
• We hypothesize that low birth weight is an
independent risk factor for type II diabetes.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
1
:
(
K
A
P
S
t
u
d
y
)
Area: Family medicine
Topic: communicable diseases- hepatitis
Goal: to contribute to the reduction of hepatitis in
KSA through studying public perceptions about the
disease
Objective: To assess the awareness, knowledge,
and attitudes of the general public towards hepatitis
in KSA.
Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that the awareness,
knowledge and attitudes of the general public
towards hepatitis in KSA is less than 50%.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
2
:
(
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
y
)
Research area: cardiology
Research topic: ischemic heart disease (IHD)
Goal: to contribute to prevention of IHD
Research question: does hypocholesterolemic agent “A” decrease
the risk of MI?
Primary objective: to determine the effect of reducing LDL on the
occurrence of MI
Secondary objective: to describe the side effects of lowering LDL
Research hypothesis: the risk of MI among patients treated with
hypocholesterolemic agent “A” is lower than the risk among patients
not treated with hypocholesterolemic agents
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
1.
Perform a systematic literature review to increase knowledge for the
topic
2.
Learn about current trends and technological advances on the topic.
3.
Seek careful input from experts, mentors, colleagues and
collaborators
4.
Use the FINER criteria in the development of the research question.
5.
Develop clear and well-defined objectives using SMART criteria
6.
Ensure that the research question and objectives are answerable,
feasible and relevant.
7.
Develop the testable research hypotheses from the research
question.
36
References
Stephen B Hulley. Designing Clinical
Research. 3
rd
Edition . Wolters Kluwer
Health Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
2007
Daniel P Schuster & William J Powers.
Translational and Experimental Clinical
Research. Introduction: Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins 2005
37
Explore the importance of defining research questions, objectives, and hypotheses in epidemiological research, illustrated through examples from studies on diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Understand the steps involved in crafting clear objectives and hypotheses to address public health challenges effectively.
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Presentation Transcript
Research Questions, Objectives & Hypotheses Dr.Shaik Shaffi Ahamed Associate Professor Department of Family & Community Medicine
SESSION OBJECTIVES Students will be able to 1. Learn formulation of research question Differentiate between goals & objectives 3. Define the specific objectives in terms of the stated problem 4. Describe the study hypothesis 2. 2
Ref: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;31(1):19-23 3
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus by age group in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;31(1):19-23 4
Glycemic control in diabetic patients KKUH January December 2009 Al-Rowais NA Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal (2014) 22, 203-206 % HbA1C < 7% is acceptable as adequate control 5
What research questions come to your mind? Reduction in prevalence of DM? Improvement in well controlled DM? What other research questions can arise ? All the stated responses will lead towards the goal of reducing the impact of DM in Saudi Arabia and each research question will be answered by stating clear objectives 6
Ask following questions initially Do I have the time for this at this point during my course? Is this really the burning topic for me? Will this be worth it? Is this a major and relevant public health problem or is it too esoteric? Are my goals/objectives too big ? Am I covering too much? Will available methods answer my questions? What are the ethical and human subject issues here? 7
Research Question A well-defined and specific research question is the key for making decisions about study design and population and subsequently what type of data will be collected and analyzed. 8
RESEARCH QUESTION IT SHOULD BE A SINGLE SENTENCE IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION. IT SHOULD BE CLEAR UNAMBIGUOUS AND SPECIFIC
How & from where to get ideas to formulate a Research Question ? Be inspired by observing people & practices, by attending seminars, conferences, & symposia Review local, national, and regional problems Discuss, collaborate and get input from your colleagues Read about the topic, reviews, & research done; to find out gaps in existing knowledge? 10
REQUIREMENTS What are the items required to support feasibility of my research question ? Your background knowledge reflects in the question Background information (critical appraisal) stated in intro/background section 11
Subject knowledge Familiarity with the subject helps define an appropriate research question for a study. Questions arise out of a perceived knowledge deficit within a subject area or field of study. (pathways of current knowledge and uncertainty ) The challenge in developing an appropriate research question is in determining which uncertainties could or should be studied and also rationalizing the need for their investigation. 12
Types of Research Questions Descriptive: describing a group, exploring Relational: associations between two variables in a group Comparable: associations between two or more variables in two or more groups (Causality / prediction / intervention) 13
RESEARCH QUESTIONS(examples) What is the level of knowledge of Biostatistics among 3rd year medical students ? Is drug A better than drug B in the management of hepatic failure in patients with Cirrosis? Is alcoholism related to the development of Cirrosis liver?
Relational & Comparable Is concentration of blood cholesterol directly related to dietary intake of saturated fat in Saudi population? (hereditary?/ dietary/ metabolic ? Reasons in Saudi Population could differ from other settings) Does daily saturated fat intake by persons with hypercholesterolemia differ from persons with normal cholesterol range in Saudi population ? (physical activity is in the pathway?) 15
Evaluation of Research Question How good and appropriate is the idea ? Critique appropriateness of your Question Merit of your question Relationship of proposal to problem 16
GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION Feasible: Logical: Novel: Ethical: Relevant: 17
FINER criteria: a good research question F Feasible Adequate number of subjects Adequate technical expertise Affordable in time and money Manageable in scope I Interesting Getting the answer intrigues investigator, peers & community N Novel Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings E Ethical Amenable to a study that institutional review board (IRB) will approve R Relevant To scientific knowledge To future research To clinical and health policy 18
Goals and Objectives Goals Objectives =
Goals It describes the aim of the work in broad terms ( over a longer time period)
Objectives These are more specific and relate directly to research question. They may be divided into two types: Primary objectives (bound to be achieved) Secondary objectives (by the way)
Research Goal & Objectives The goal (aim) and objectives must be stated at the very beginning of the study, since they will guide the investigator during the process of formulating research questions and hypothesis. They will also help in the prioritization process. They will enable the reader or consumer of the work to judge whether the investigator had achieved these objectives or not.
Research Objectives The research objectives should be: Closely related to the research question Covering all aspects of the problem Very specific Ordered in a logical sequence Stated in action verbs that could be evaluated e.g. to describe, to identify, to measure, to compare, etc. Achievable, taking into consideration the available resources and time Mutually exclusive, with no repetitions or overlaps
SMART Objectives S Specific M Measurable A Achievable R Relevant T Time-bound
Research objectives Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of your research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.
Objective -examples To study whether SNP markers are associated with obesity and hypertension phenotypes. To assess the general population knowledge & attitude towards Organ donation To identify the risk factors for Type-II diabetes
Example Goal: To reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases in Saudi population by developing evidence based interventions Question: Is dietary intake of saturated fats over the past xx weeks related to hypercholestrolemia in Saudi adult population ? Question: Is dietary intake of saturated fats over a period of xx months is associated with risk of coronary heart disease in Saudi adult population 27
Example contd. Specific Objective1: To determine the daily intake of saturated fats in the past 4 weeks in Saudi adults Specific Objective 2: To determine the relationship of dietary intake of saturated fats and blood levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in Saudi adults Specific Objective3: To determine the association of dietary intake of saturated fats and intimal thickness of coronary artery in Saudi adults 28
Research Hypothesis Research hypothesis is a statement of the research question in a measurable form
Research Hypothesis (cont.) A hypothesis can be defined as a prediction or explanation of the relationship between one or more independent variables (PREDISPOSING/RISK FACTORS) and one dependent variable (OUTCOME/CONDITION/DISEASE)). A hypothesis, in other words, translates the problem statement into a precise, clear prediction of expected outcomes. It must be emphasized that hypotheses are not meant to be haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of knowledge, imagination and experience of the investigator.
Hypothesis formulation This is based on existing knowledge, deriving it through critical reading of literature and facts Descriptive: It is hypothesized that average daily intake of saturated fat in Saudi adult population is more than 20% of the recommended intake when measured by xxx test and yyy standards to define dietary saturated fat intake. 31
Hypothesis formulation Specific Objective: To determine the relationship of dietary intake of saturated fats and intimal thickness of coronary artery Hypothesis It is hypothesized that > 20% of recommended saturated fat intake in Saudi population will be associated with 50% increased intimal thickness of coronary artery when compared to the normal intimal thickness measured by XYZ 32
Hypothesis-examples We hypothesize that standard care plus new intervention (additional drug) will be superior to standard care alone in reducing CVD mortality among patients with preexisting heart disease. We hypothesize that prophylaxis with inhaled drug A will be superior to oral preparation of drug B in preventing acute exacerbation of reactive airway disease. We hypothesize that low birth weight is an independent risk factor for type II diabetes.
Example 1: (KAP Study) Area: Family medicine Topic: communicable diseases- hepatitis Goal: to contribute to the reduction of hepatitis in KSA through studying public perceptions about the disease Objective: To assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of the general public towards hepatitis in KSA. Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that the awareness, knowledge and attitudes of the general public towards hepatitis in KSA is less than 50%.
Example 2: (Interventional Study) Research area: cardiology Research topic: ischemic heart disease (IHD) Goal: to contribute to prevention of IHD Research question: does hypocholesterolemic agent A decrease the risk of MI? Primary objective: to determine the effect of reducing LDL on the occurrence of MI Secondary objective: to describe the side effects of lowering LDL Research hypothesis: the risk of MI among patients treated with hypocholesterolemic agent A is lower than the risk among patients not treated with hypocholesterolemic agents
Summary Perform a systematic literature review to increase knowledge for the topic 1. Learn about current trends and technological advances on the topic. 2. Seek careful input from experts, mentors, colleagues and collaborators 3. Use the FINER criteria in the development of the research question. 4. Develop clear and well-defined objectives using SMART criteria 5. Ensure that the research question and objectives are answerable, feasible and relevant. 6. Develop the testable research hypotheses from the research question. 7. 36
References References Stephen B Hulley. Designing Clinical Research. 3rd Edition . Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2007 Daniel P Schuster & William J Powers. Translational and Experimental Clinical Research. Introduction: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005 37
