Exploring the Veil Debate in France: Historical Perspectives
W
H
A
T
TH
E
VEI
L
VEIL
S
H
i
storical
cons
i
derations
S
a
n
d
ra
R
o
uss
e
au
French
a
n
d
Franc
o
p
h
o
n
e
Stu
d
i
e
s
-
PSU
Que
st
ion
s
•
Why
a de
b
ate?
•
Poli
t
ical
•
Social
•
Cultural
is
s
ue
•
What e
x
actly
is de
b
ated?
•
Fra
n
c
e
’
s
rig
h
t
to
pa
s
s
legi
s
lation
•
Fran
c
e
’
s
cultural
/
historical
arguments
•
L
a
ïcité
•
W
omen
’
s
rig
h
ts
/
Muslim
women
’
s
rig
h
ts
(?)
T
erminolog
y
•
In
Fra
n
ce the
d
e
b
a
te
emerg
e
d
as “the
h
e
a
d
scarf a
f
fair”
(
l
’
affaire
du foular
d
)
•
It
qu
i
ckly
bec
o
mes
“the
ve
i
l
de
b
ate”.
•
How
does
terminology
c
h
ange
the
terms
of
the
deb
a
te?
Th
e
200
4
la
w
–
“Th
e
head
sc
ar
f
law
”
•
1985
:
The
Invasion
m
y
th
•
Imm
igration
•
Right-
w
ing
pa
r
ty
(FN)
•
1989:
The
first
Head
scarf
a
f
fair
•
Salman
Rushdie
•
F
a
ll
of
the
Berlin
w
all
•
2001:
September
1
1.
•
20
04:
L
aw
forbidding
o
stentat
i
ous
d
i
s
play
of
re
l
igion
•
20
10:
Burqa
ban
in
public
plac
es
Th
e
sc
hoo
l
syst
e
m
•
Inher
i
ted f
r
om
the
third R
e
p
u
b
l
ic
•
1870-1940
•
H
i
gh
l
y
central
i
zed
•
Cur
r
iculum
•
H
i
gh
l
y
hi
e
rarch
i
cal
Mi
n
istère
2
5
académ
i
e
s:
geog
r
aphi
c
al
zones
Pr
i
m
ary
schools
M
id
d
le
school
and
H
i
g
h
schools
Uni
v
ers
i
ties
•
T
e
a
ch
e
r
’
s
recruitment
•
Les
c
o
n
c
ours
Fran
c
e
an
d
religio
n
•
C
h
risti
a
n
i
ty
•
R
e
l
i
gi
o
us
w
a
rs
•
C
o
r
r
upted
/
Priv
i
l
e
ged
C
l
ergy
•
C
h
risti
a
n
tra
d
iti
o
ns
•
R
e
vo
l
ution
•
N
a
po
l
eon
•
T
h
ird
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
•
And
c
o
loni
z
ation
•
The
French
State
M
iddl
e
-
Ages
1
7
t
h
+
18th
Na
p
ol
e
on
+
Restaur
a
tion
C
lo
v
is
–
(
5
t
h
)
H
enri
IV
-
1572
Louis
X
IV
-
1685
1791
concord
a
t
F
erry
La
w
s -
1882
S
e
c
u
l
a
r
i
z
a
tio
n
–
T
h
e
F
ren
c
h
R
e
v
o
l
uti
o
n
•
Pr
i
vi
l
e
g
es
of
the
N
o
b
l
es
a
n
d
the
C
l
ergy
•
I
m
poss
i
bi
l
ity
of
u
pw
a
rd
mobi
l
ity
•
Ec
o
nomic
e
x
pl
o
itation
•
P
h
i
l
oso
p
hers
and
Pol
i
tici
a
ns:
T
he En
l
i
g
htenment
•
Libe
r
ties
•
S
ocial contract
•
Che
c
ks
and
Balanc
e
s
•
E
n
d of the Monarchy and
of the
C
h
urch
as a
rul
i
ng
entit
y
.
De
-
Chri
st
iani
z
a
t
io
n
•
T
h
e cu
l
t
of
R
e
as
o
n
•
C
o
nfiscati
o
n
of c
h
urches
and
land
•
T
rying to ch
a
nge
t
r
ad
i
tions
T
h
e
De
c
l
a
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
i
gh
t
s
o
f
Ma
n
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
Ci
t
i
z
e
n
-
1789
•
A
r
t
.
4
.
-
•
La
liberté
con
s
iste
à
pou
v
oir
faire
tout
ce
qui
ne
nu
i
t
pas
à
autrui
:
ainsi,
l
'exerc
i
ce
des
droits
naturels
de
c
haque
ho
m
m
e
n'a
de
bornes
que
celles
qui assurent
aux
autres
M
e
m
b
r
es
de
la
So
c
iété
la
jou
i
ssance
de
ces
m
ê
m
es
d
r
oits
•
Li
b
erty
cons
i
sts
in
be
i
ng
ab
l
e
to
d
o anything
that
do
e
s
not
harm others
:
thus, e
x
ercis
i
ng
the
natural
rights of every
man has no bounds
other than
t
hose
that
ens
u
re
to
other
members of
soc
i
ety
the
enjoyment
of these same rights.
Th
e
se bou
n
ds
may be
determined
on
l
y
by the La
w
.
T
h
e
De
c
l
a
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
i
gh
t
s
o
f
Ma
n
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
Ci
t
i
z
e
n
-
1789
•
A
r
t
.
1
0
.
–
•
N
u
l
n
e
d
o
i
t
ê
t
r
e
i
n
q
u
i
é
t
é
p
o
u
r
s
e
s
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
,
m
ê
m
e
r
e
l
i
g
i
e
u
s
e
s
,
p
o
u
r
v
u
q
u
e
l
e
u
r
m
a
n
i
f
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
r
o
u
b
l
e
p
a
s
l
'
o
r
d
r
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
é
t
a
b
l
i
p
a
r
l
a
L
o
i
.
•
No
one
may
be
d
i
sturbed
on
acco
u
nt of h
i
s op
i
n
i
o
n
s,
ev
e
n
rel
i
gi
o
us
on
e
s,
as long
as the
manifestation
of s
u
ch
op
i
ni
o
ns
do
e
s
not
i
n
ter
f
ere with the estab
l
is
h
ed
Law
and
Orde
r
.
Uni
v
er
salis
m
•
T
h
e N
a
tural
L
a
w
•
Vs.
particul
a
risms
“
T
o
s
p
eak
of
Fre
n
ch
un
i
v
ersalis
m
is
and
is
not
an
oxymoro
n:
it
is
to
the
e
x
t
e
nt
that
un
i
ver
sal
i
sm
is
def
i
ned
as
the
oppos
i
te
of
particular
i
sm
,
ethnic,
r
eligious,
national,
or
otherwis
e
.
It
is
not
to
the
exte
n
t
that
F
rench
national
disc
ourse
has
for
c
ent
u
rie
s
c
l
aimed
that
Fra
n
ce
is
the
c
apital
of
un
i
versal
i
sm
and,
th
o
ugh
often
ch
a
l
l
enged,
that
c
l
aim
has
remained
largely
se
cure.”
(
N
aomi
Schor
–
2001)
179
5
–
f
i
rs
t
s
epa
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Chu
rc
h
an
d
S
t
a
t
e
•
Fre
n
ch R
e
vo
l
uti
o
n
vs.
C
atho
l
ic
rel
i
g
i
o
n
.
•
French R
e
vo
l
ution
turns
itse
l
f
i
n
to a reli
g
i
o
n
(
t
he
revolut
i
on
a
ry
cu
l
ts
of
1
79
3
,
accompan
i
ed
by
po
l
itic
o
-
rel
i
gi
o
us
persecuti
o
n
).
•
S
ep
a
ration
of
C
hurch
and
State (1795):
•
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
3
5
4
.
–
N
o
o
n
e
c
a
n
b
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
-
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
L
a
w
-
t
h
e
c
u
l
t
t
h
e
y
c
h
o
s
e
.
N
o
o
n
e
c
a
n
b
e
f
o
r
c
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
a
c
u
l
t
.
T
h
e
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
y
.
Th
e R
e
vo
l
uti
o
n
proc
l
a
i
med
sec
u
l
a
r
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
s
b
u
t
d
id
not
succe
e
d
in
ap
p
ly
i
ng
them
T
h
e
T
h
i
r
d
Repub
li
c
an
d
t
h
e
F
e
rr
y
La
w
(1870-
19
4
0
)
•
The
French
Empire
•
Coloni
z
ation
•
Algeria
–
1830
•
Civilizing
Mis
s
ion
•
The
t
eac
h
er as
priest
:
•
“Les
hu
s
s
a
rds
noi
r
s
de
la Republiq
ue
”
•
Conver
s
ion
to
Fre
n
ch
principles
Th
e
Ferr
y
Law
s
-
1882
•
School
is
f
r
ee
•
S
c
h
o
oling
is
finan
c
ed
by
t
he
State throu
g
h tax
e
s
•
Ins
t
ruction
i
s
compulsory
•
F
o
r
b
o
th
s
e
x
e
s
•
U
n
til
13 y
e
ars
of
a
g
e
•
Schooling
in
public
schools
is
secular
•
No
religious
in
s
truction
•
T
e
a
c
h
ers
are repre
s
e
n
tative
of
the State
>
ci
v
il
s
e
rva
n
ts
Readin
g
la
ïc
it
é
t
oda
y
•
A
ri
g
ht-w
i
ng
read
i
ng
of l
a
ïcité:
•
T
end
to
s
e
c
u
lari
z
e
peo
p
le
rather
than
the
state.
•
More
lenient
towa
r
ds
Catholici
s
m
than
towa
r
ds
Islam
•
M
y
th
of
a c
o
nfl
i
ct
free
F
ra
n
ce
b
ef
o
re
Mus
l
im imm
i
gr
a
tion
•
Lin
k
s
the
de
s
tru
c
tion
of
laïcité
to
immigration
->
a
nti-immig
r
ation
disc
o
urse
•
S
a
rkozy
’
s
party and the
new propos
i
tions
of l
a
ïcité
(20
1
1
)
•
Sar
k
o
z
y
’
s
disc
u
s
s
ion
of
a “Fr
a
n
c
e
turned
towa
r
ds
its catholic
roots”
•
V
ery
li
m
i
t
ed understanding
of
la
ï
cité
Readin
g
la
ïc
it
é
t
oda
y
•
A
l
e
f
t
-w
i
ng
read
i
ng
of
l
a
ïcité
•
Hard
to
find
in Fran
c
e
toda
y
,
except
among
s
t
s
c
hola
r
s
•
The
S
t
ate
has
to
be
s
e
c
u
la
r
,
not
its
citizen
s
.
•
Separ
a
te
the
Law
from
religious
morali
t
y
(euthana
s
ia)
•
The
s
t
ate
shou
l
d
not
t
r
eat
its
citize
n
s
di
f
ferently
bas
e
d
on
their
r
el
i
gi
o
n
Behin
d
t
h
e
v
ei
l
•
Questi
o
n of
w
ome
n
’
s
rig
h
ts
•
Ni
pute
s
,
ni
s
o
umis
e
s
(neither
whore
s
,
nor
s
u
bmis
s
i
v
e)
•
I
n
f
e
r
i
o
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
?
•
V
eil
in
A
l
geria
•
Colonial in
t
erpreta
t
ion
•
A
n
d the B
u
rq
a
?
An
d
t
h
e
Niqab
,
an
d
t
h
e
Burqa
?
•
Th
e b
u
rq
a
:
sh
o
u
l
d
it
be
cons
i
d
e
red
se
p
arate
l
y?
•
Wh
a
t
abo
u
t
the
bu
r
qa
in s
c
hool
s
?
•
And
in public
pla
c
e
s
?
•
F
a
c
t
s
&
l
a
w
•
1st Eur
o
p
e
an
co
u
ntry
>
0
4/
1
1/
2
0
1
1
•
Ill
e
g
a
l
in
France
t
o c
o
ver
o
n
e
’
s
face
in
p
u
b
l
ic
•
C
o
u
l
d
be
su
b
j
e
cted
to i
n
vesti
g
ati
o
n
•
25
,0
0
0
€
/
j
a
il for
peop
le
forc
in
g
•
Est.
2,
0
00
w
om
e
n
(65
M)
Th
e
ba
n
o
n
t
h
e
burq
a
•
Femini
st
and
human
rights
a
rguments
•
S
y
m
b
o
l
i
z
e
w
o
m
e
n
’
s
s
u
b
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
?
•
N
o
t
a
f
r
e
e
c
h
o
i
c
e
?
S
o
c
i
a
l
/
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
?
•
A
g
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
d
i
g
n
i
t
y
o
f
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
?
•
“
La
ï
c
i
té”
arguments
(1905
Chu
r
ch/State)
•
M
a
r
k
o
f
M
u
s
l
i
m
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
e
c
u
l
a
r
s
p
a
c
e
?
•
B
e
h
a
v
e
l
i
k
e
a
l
l
o
t
h
e
r
c
i
v
i
l
s
e
r
v
a
n
t
s
,
n
o
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
?
•
“Se
cur
i
ty”
argument
•
N
o
t
b
e
i
n
g
a
b
l
e
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
?
•
“Disresp
ectful”
arg
ument
•
U
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
e
s
b
a
s
i
c
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
l
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
a
s
h
a
r
e
d
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
?
Delve into the intricate historical considerations surrounding the veil debate in France, analyzing its political, social, and cultural dimensions. Explore the evolution of terminology, significant laws, the impact on the school system, France's historical relationship with religion, and the processes of secularization and de-Christianization. Uncover how these factors have shaped the ongoing discourse on veiling practices.
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WHATTHE VEILVEILS Historical considerations Sandra Rousseau French and Francophone Studies - PSU
Questions Why a debate? Political Social Cultural issue What exactly is debated? France s right to pass legislation France s cultural / historical arguments La cit Women s rights / Muslim women s rights (?)
Terminology In France the debate emerged as the headscarf affair (l affaire du foulard) It quickly becomes the veil debate . How does terminology change the terms of the debate?
The 2004 law The headscarf law 1985 : The Invasion myth Immigration Right-wing party (FN) 1989: The first Headscarf affair Salman Rushdie Fall of the Berlin wall 2001: September 11. 2004: Law forbidding ostentatious display of religion 2010: Burqa ban in public places
The school system Inherited from the third Republic 1870-1940 Highly centralized Curriculum Highly hierarchical Minist re T eacher s recruitment Les concours 25 acad mies: geographical zones Middle school and High schools Primary schools Universities
France and religion Christianity Religious wars Corrupted / Privileged Clergy Christian traditions Revolution Napoleon Third Republic And colonization The French State
concordat Clovis (5th) Louis XIV - 1685 Napoleon + Restauration 17th + 18th Middle-Ages Ferry Laws - 1882 Henri IV - 1572 1791
Secularization The French Revolution Privileges of the Nobles and the Clergy Impossibility of upward mobility Economic exploitation Philosophers and Politicians: The Enlightenment Liberties Social contract Checks and Balances End of the Monarchy and of the Church as a ruling entity.
De-Christianization The cult of Reason Confiscation of churches and land Trying to change traditions
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 1789 Art. 4. - La libert consiste pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas autrui : ainsi, l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres Membres de la Soci t la jouissance de ces m mes droits Liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, exercising the natural rights of every man has no bounds other than those that ensure to other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights. These bounds may be determined only by the Law.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 1789 Art. 10. Nul ne doit tre inqui t pour ses opinions, m me religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public tabli par la Loi. No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious ones, as long as the manifestation of such opinions does not interfere with the established Law and Order.
Universalism The Natural Law Vs. particularisms T o speak of French universalism is and is not an oxymoron: it is to the extent that universalism is defined as the opposite of particularism, ethnic, religious, national, or otherwise. It is not to the extent that French national discourse has for centuries claimed that France is the capital of universalism and, though often challenged, that claim has remained largely secure. (Naomi Schor 2001)
1795 first separation of Church and State French Revolution vs. Catholic religion. French Revolution turns itself into a religion (the revolutionary cults of 1793, accompanied by politico- religious persecution). Separation of Church and State (1795): Article 354. No one can be prevented from following -within the limitations of the Law- the cult they chose. No one can be forced to finance a cult. The Republic does not support any. The Revolution proclaimed secular principles but did not succeed in applying them
The Third Republic and the Ferry Law (1870-1940) The French Empire Colonization Algeria 1830 Civilizing Mission The teacher as priest : Les hussards noirs de la Republique Conversion to French principles
The Ferry Laws - 1882 School is free Schooling is financed by the State through taxes Instruction is compulsory For both sexes Until 13 years of age Schooling in public schools is secular No religious instruction T eachers are representative of the State > civil servants
Reading lacit today Aright-wing reading of la cit : T end to secularize people rather than the state. More lenient towards Catholicism than towards Islam Myth of a conflict free France before Muslim immigration Links the destruction of la cit to immigration ->anti-immigration discourse Sarkozy s party and the new propositions of la cit (2011) Sarkozy s discussion of a France turned towards its catholic roots Very limited understanding of la cit
Reading lacit today Aleft-wing reading of la cit Hard to find in France today, except amongst scholars The State has to be secular, not its citizens. Separate the Law from religious morality (euthanasia) The state should not treat its citizens differently based on their religion
Behind the veil Question of women s rights Ni putes, ni soumises (neither whores, nor submissive) Inferiorization of women? Veil inAlgeria Colonial interpretation And the Burqa?
And the Niqab, and the Burqa? The burqa: should it be considered separately? What about the burqa in schools? And in public places?
Facts & law 1st European country > 04/11/2011 Illegal in France to cover one s face in public Could be subjected to investigation 25,000 / jail for people forcing Est. 2,000 women (65 M)
The ban on the burqa Feminist and human rights arguments Symbolize women s submission and segregation? Not a free choice? Social /cultural pressure? Against the dignity of a person? La cit arguments (1905 Church/State) Mark of Muslim culture in secular space? Behave like all other civil servants, no religion showing? Security argument Not being able to identify people? Disrespectful argument Undermines basic standards required for living in a shared society?
