Exploring GASPER and LMD-GHOST in Blockchain Consensus Protocols

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Delve into the world of blockchain consensus with GASPER and LMD-GHOST, two innovative approaches combining safety and liveness properties. Learn about GHOST, Casper FFG, and the progress made in achieving probabilistic safety and liveness in distributed systems.


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  1. Gasper - Combining GHOST & Casper Presentation by Sarisht Wadhwa Link to paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.03052.pdf

  2. Asynchrony - Liveness and Termination FLP Impossibility https://groups.csail.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/jacm85.pdf

  3. Asynchrony - Liveness and Termination FLP Impossibility But We want All!!

  4. Two Ghosts in the same trench-coat I can solve consensus with safety, but can t guarantee an output each time I can solve consensus with liveness, but can t be safe https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/02/12/validated-staking-on-eth2-2-two-ghosts-in-a-trench-coat/

  5. Two Ghosts in the same trench-coat Ok Let s combine and do it all**

  6. Two Ghosts in the same trench-coat GASPER

  7. Organization of Presentation GHOST and its variants GASPER (GHOST+ CASPER FFG) Casper FFG Gasper: Combining both the ghosts GHOST (And Variants) Casper FFG

  8. GHOST: Greediest Heaviest Observed SubTree VIEW of Validator L D G J M A B I K F C H E

  9. LMD-GHOST: Latest Message Driven GHOST VIEW of Validator L D G J M A B I K F C H E

  10. LMD-GHOST: Latest Message Driven GHOST VIEW of Validator L D G J M A B I K F C H E

  11. GHOST Properties Probabilistic Safety Always Live

  12. Progress GASPER (GHOST+ CASPER FFG) HLMD GHOST Casper FFG LMD-GHOST GHOST

  13. Casper FFG Attestation Justification Justified Checkpoint Block A Checkpoint Block A Justified Checkpoint Block A

  14. Casper FFG Attestation Justification Checkpoint Block A extends Justified Checkpoint block B Extend the last justified block in your attestation

  15. Casper FFG Attestation Justification Attestation Justification Justified Checkpoint Block A Checkpoint Block B Checkpoint Block A extending B

  16. Casper FFG Attestation Justification Attestation Justification Checkpoint Block B Checkpoint Block A extending B Checkpoint Block A What if no 2/3 Majority is reached in this round?

  17. Casper FFG Attestation Justification Attestation Justification Checkpoint Block B Checkpoint Block A extending B Checkpoint Block A

  18. Slashing height Block A Block B

  19. Slashing height Block A Block B Beacon Chain

  20. Slashing Block A0 Block B0 Block B1 Block A1

  21. Slashing Block A0 Block B0 Block B1 Block A1 Beacon Chain

  22. Casper FFG Properties Plausible Liveness Accountable Safety

  23. Progress GASPER (GHOST+ CASPER FFG) HLMD-GHOST LMD-GHOST Slashing Casper FFG GHOST

  24. Gasper Epoch 3 Epoch 0 Epoch 1 Epoch 2 1 2 3 4 6 9 10 11 12 5 7 8

  25. Epoch Boundary Blocks and Pairs EBB - Epoch Boundary Block (Block, epoch) LEBB - Last Epoch Boundary Block

  26. Blocks and attestations Block B Attestation A Slot(B) Parent(B) Slot(A) Block(A) Checkpoint Edge Accepted attestations Block Data

  27. Justification

  28. k-Finalization

  29. Progress GASPER (GHOST+ CASPER FFG) HLMD-GHOST LMD-GHOST Slashing Casper FFG GHOST

  30. HLMD-GHOST: Hybrid Latest Message Driven GHOST VIEW of Validator x10000 A B L D G J M X A B I K F C H E Justified Block

  31. Properties One epoch -> At-most one Justification, or ( ) Slashing of Stakes will happen Finalization: Block always included, or system is broken! Major slashing can happen in this case.

  32. GASPER Properties Accountably Safety Always Live

  33. Progress GASPER (GHOST+ CASPER FFG) HLMD-GHOST LMD-GHOST Slashing Casper FFG GHOST

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