Existential Counseling: Philosophy and Practice
Theoretical Models of Counseling
and Psychotherapy,
3rd Edition
Chapter 5: Existential Counseling
Mario De La Garza, M.Ed.
University of North Texas
History
Response to:
•
Compartmentalization
•
Determinism
•
Loss of awareness of self
•
Reductionism
Existential philosophy is the guiding force in
theory and treatment.
Rollo May
•
Anxiety-provoking childhood home
•
Nervous breakdown led to change in life
•
Influence of Adler
•
Influence of Tillich
Philosophical Underpinnings
•
Ontology: the study of being
•
Phenomenology: each person has a unique,
subjective perspective of the world and self
•
Responsibility: for one’s own being
–
Freedom
–
Choice
–
Accountability
Function of the Psyche
•
Potential to have the “I-Am” experience
–
To inevitably realize one’s own being/existence
–
“Existence precedes essence”
•
To preserve and assert one’s existence
through the unfolding of one’s potential
(master motive)
–
Innate in each person
Structure of Psyche: Givens of
Life
•
Conditions present that threaten existence:
–
Death threatens the master motive.
–
Freedom threatens ground/structure.
–
Isolation threatens protection/merging/being part of
a larger whole.
–
Meaninglessness threaten
s meaning.
•
Humans are innately endowed with the potential
to perceive threats to existence and generate
anxiety.
Structure of the Psyche
•
Dasein: the whole of one’s approach to
existence
–
Includes structure (whole person)
–
Includes function (approach to existence)
•
Levels of Awareness
•
Self
May’s Essential Aspects of Being
•
Phenomenological centeredness
•
Potential to exist with other beings without
losing centeredness
•
Awareness as self-consciousness
•
Awareness as vigilance
•
Anxiety as the struggle against nonbeing
•
Courage to self-affirm
Dasein
•
Every moment, one is being (structure and process)
•
When one responds to anxiety with defenses that
deter a person from reaching one’s full potential, one
is experiencing
existential guilt
.
Awareness of Ultimate Concern
↓
Anxiety
↓
Defense Mechanism
Role of the Environment
•
Environment imposes limits and influences
one’s being
•
Four interacting dimensions
–
Umwelt (physical world)
–
Mitwelt (interpersonal world)
–
Eigenwelt (personal world)
–
Uberwelt (spiritual world)
Role of the Environment
•
Cosmic destiny – limits imposed by laws of
nature
•
Cultural destiny – limits imposed by
preexisting social patterns
•
Circumstantial destiny – limits imposed by
sudden situations
Personality Development
•
Stage 1: fusion
–
Experience Umwelt and limited Mitwelt
•
Stage 2: separation
–
Begin to experience Eigenwelt
•
Stage 3: satellization
–
Mitwelt influences Eigenwelt
•
Stage 4: similarity
–
One can experience Uberwelt
Healthy Functioning
•
Authenticity – ongoing striving as one
repeatedly confronts decisions over the span
of one’s existence
–
Awareness of anxiety
–
Confrontation of anxiety courageously
–
Use of anxiety constructively
–
Latitude for inauthenticity
Unhealthy Functioning
•
Living inauthentically
–
Excessive use of defense mechanisms
•
Denial/avoidance of the givens of life
•
Preoccupation with the givens of life
–
Too little or too much anxiety
–
Lack of courage
•
“Graceless, inefficient mode of coping with
anxiety”
Personality Change Process
•
Change occurs through increased authenticity
–
Decreased use of defense mechanisms
–
Affirmation of fullness of living
–
Use of anxiety in a creative manner
•
This occurs in the context of an authentic
relationship
Client’s Role
•
Willing to explore givens of existence
•
Willing to face anxiety that comes from
awareness
•
Willing to experiment with different responses
to anxiety
Counselor’s Role
•
Provide an authentic relationship
•
Understand and empathize with the client’s
experience
•
Sensitively point out inauthenticity of client to
client
•
Have a continuous searching attitude
•
Be aware of own struggle to exist
Stages & Techniques
•
Use of silence
•
Constructive questions
•
Interpretation
•
Attention to boundary situations
Focus is on the process of gaining a true
understanding of the client’s Dasein and
encouraging the client to confront the givens
of existence in a courageous manner.
Recent Developments in Mental Health
•
Nature/Nurture
-
Umwelt and Mitwelt
-
Environmental factors are not as important as the
individual’s subjective interpretation of, and
choices regarding, them
•
DSM 5 Diagnosis
–
Destructive to holistic view of the person
–
Use is for insurance purposes and to communicate
with other professions
Recent Developments in Mental Health
•
Pharmacotherapy
–
Used in extreme circumstances
•
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
–
Elements of existential counseling can be used in
brief therapy
–
Elements of managed care are antithetical to
theory
Recent Developments in Mental Health
•
Technical Eclecticism
•
Adopted elements need to be consistent with
existential philosophy
•
Diversity
–
Givens of existence applicable to people across all
cultures
•
Spirituality
–
Frankl’s logotherapy
–
Deurzen-Smith’s Uberwelt
Recent Developments in Mental Health
•
Effectiveness of psychotherapy
-
Striving for authenticity cannot be reduced nor
measured
Weaknesses of Theory
•
Lack of research on efficacy
•
Difficult to teach to counseling students
–
Lofty and complicated
–
Beyond evaluation
•
Lack of structure
–
Seems mysterious and vague
References
Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A.
(2016).
Theoretical models of
counseling and psychotherapy
(3rd ed.).
New York, NY: Routledge.
Existential counseling is rooted in the philosophy of existentialism, focusing on concepts such as responsibility, freedom, and the unique subjective perspective of each individual. Rollo May's influence in this approach, along with the ontological and phenomenological underpinnings, shape the understanding of the psyche and the existential givens of life conditions. The structure of the psyche is explored through Dasein, emphasizing self-awareness and the struggle against nonbeing. May's essential aspects of being highlight the importance of centeredness, self-consciousness, vigilance, and courage in facing existential challenges.
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Presentation Transcript
Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3rd Edition Chapter 5: Existential Counseling Mario De La Garza, M.Ed. University of North Texas
History Response to: Compartmentalization Determinism Loss of awareness of self Reductionism Existential philosophy is the guiding force in theory and treatment.
Rollo May Anxiety-provoking childhood home Nervous breakdown led to change in life Influence of Adler Influence of Tillich
Philosophical Underpinnings Ontology: the study of being Phenomenology: each person has a unique, subjective perspective of the world and self Responsibility: for one s own being Freedom Choice Accountability
Function of the Psyche Potential to have the I-Am experience To inevitably realize one s own being/existence Existence precedes essence To preserve and assert one s existence through the unfolding of one s potential (master motive) Innate in each person
Structure of Psyche: Givens of Life Conditions present that threaten existence: Death threatens the master motive. Freedom threatens ground/structure. Isolation threatens protection/merging/being part of a larger whole. Meaninglessness threatens meaning. Humans are innately endowed with the potential to perceive threats to existence and generate anxiety.
Structure of the Psyche Dasein: the whole of one s approach to existence Includes structure (whole person) Includes function (approach to existence) Levels of Awareness Self
Mays Essential Aspects of Being Phenomenological centeredness Potential to exist with other beings without losing centeredness Awareness as self-consciousness Awareness as vigilance Anxiety as the struggle against nonbeing Courage to self-affirm
Dasein Every moment, one is being (structure and process) When one responds to anxiety with defenses that deter a person from reaching one s full potential, one is experiencing existential guilt. Awareness of Ultimate Concern Anxiety Defense Mechanism
Role of the Environment Environment imposes limits and influences one s being Four interacting dimensions Umwelt (physical world) Mitwelt (interpersonal world) Eigenwelt (personal world) Uberwelt (spiritual world)
Role of the Environment Cosmic destiny limits imposed by laws of nature Cultural destiny limits imposed by preexisting social patterns Circumstantial destiny limits imposed by sudden situations
Personality Development Stage 1: fusion Experience Umwelt and limited Mitwelt Stage 2: separation Begin to experience Eigenwelt Stage 3: satellization Mitwelt influences Eigenwelt Stage 4: similarity One can experience Uberwelt
Healthy Functioning Authenticity ongoing striving as one repeatedly confronts decisions over the span of one s existence Awareness of anxiety Confrontation of anxiety courageously Use of anxiety constructively Latitude for inauthenticity
Unhealthy Functioning Living inauthentically Excessive use of defense mechanisms Denial/avoidance of the givens of life Preoccupation with the givens of life Too little or too much anxiety Lack of courage Graceless, inefficient mode of coping with anxiety
Personality Change Process Change occurs through increased authenticity Decreased use of defense mechanisms Affirmation of fullness of living Use of anxiety in a creative manner This occurs in the context of an authentic relationship
Clients Role Willing to explore givens of existence Willing to face anxiety that comes from awareness Willing to experiment with different responses to anxiety
Counselors Role Provide an authentic relationship Understand and empathize with the client s experience Sensitively point out inauthenticity of client to client Have a continuous searching attitude Be aware of own struggle to exist
Stages & Techniques Use of silence Constructive questions Interpretation Attention to boundary situations Focus is on the process of gaining a true understanding of the client s Dasein and encouraging the client to confront the givens of existence in a courageous manner.
Recent Developments in Mental Health Nature/Nurture - Umwelt and Mitwelt - Environmental factors are not as important as the individual s subjective interpretation of, and choices regarding, them DSM 5 Diagnosis Destructive to holistic view of the person Use is for insurance purposes and to communicate with other professions
Recent Developments in Mental Health Pharmacotherapy Used in extreme circumstances Managed Care and Brief Therapy Elements of existential counseling can be used in brief therapy Elements of managed care are antithetical to theory
Recent Developments in Mental Health Technical Eclecticism Adopted elements need to be consistent with existential philosophy Diversity Givens of existence applicable to people across all cultures Spirituality Frankl s logotherapy Deurzen-Smith s Uberwelt
Recent Developments in Mental Health Effectiveness of psychotherapy - Striving for authenticity cannot be reduced nor measured
Weaknesses of Theory Lack of research on efficacy Difficult to teach to counseling students Lofty and complicated Beyond evaluation Lack of structure Seems mysterious and vague
References Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2016). Theoretical models of counseling and psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
