Evolution of Animal Classification
New Classification System!!
Definition of Animal?
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Eukaryotic
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Heterotroph
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Multicellular
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No rigid cell wall
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Gametic (sexual)
reproduction
Kingdom Animalia
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35-40 phyla
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Monophyletic
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What % invert?
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Most
ectotherms
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Dramatically
different body
form/function
Characteristics of Animalia
Mouth
Anus
Informal Groups
6
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1.
Multicellularity
2.
Evolution of tissues (special
structures/functions)
3.
Evolution of symmetry
4.
Evolution of body cavity
(Ceolome)
5.
Segmentation (repetition –
back up copies)
6.
Divergent embryonic
development
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https://www.youtu
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dXpAbezdOho
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Cleavage and Gastrulation
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Two germ layers in primitive animals
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Three germ layers in “complex” animals
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Give rise to all tissue types
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Ectoderm – skin and nervous
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Mesoderm – skeletal and muscle
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Endoderm – digestive
Zebrafish embryo
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Organisms larger and more complex
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Need complex organs and systems
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Led to evolution of body cavity
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Three body cavity “types”
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Concentration of body functions at anterior
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Only in bilateral symmetry
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Why Important?
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3 major lineages
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3 benefits of segmentation
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Protection
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Mobility
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Complexity
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How do protists, bacteria, etc., get O2 to parts of body?
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What happens as animals get larger?
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How do animals “solve” this problem?
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2 types:
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Most basal animal phyla
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7000 marine, 150 freshwater
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Adults – sessile
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Larvae – planktonic
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Synapomorphies?
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Basic structure
Yellow sliver
DRAW: Grantia longitudinal section (pg 397)
Filter Feeders
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=p
TZ211cIjX8
Size limited
- why?
OBSERVE: Preserved sponges (pg 398)
Syconoid sponges
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Tubular body - single opening
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Body wall thicker and more
complex
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Osculum
Flagellated Chambers
Leuconia
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Asexual:
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Fragmentation
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Budding
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Internal bud
Spicules
Amoebocytes
Reproduction
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Asexual
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Fragmentation
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Budding
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Sexual
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Hermaphroditic (monoecious)
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Few
oviparous
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Most
viviparous
Harp Sponge (
Chondrocladia lyra
)
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Distinct tissues (
which?
) –
called?
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True body symmetry - ?
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No coelom
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No real “organs”
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Two phyla:
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9,000 species
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Almost all marine
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All carnivorous
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Two body plans
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General life cycle
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4 classes
DRAW one, OBSERVE others:
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Aurelia
medusa (pg 405)
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Aurelia
planula
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Aurelia
polyp
Body wall:
Diploblastic
Are cnidarians “smart”?
Are cnidarians fast?
How are they carnivorous?
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Types of organelles
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Stinging (most)
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Adhesive
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Grasping
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Lassos
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Springs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPYiC
1HDu-M
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc
_N1Zk
Nerve Net
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2700 sp.
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Mostly marine
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Named after 9-
headed hydra
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Which stage is
dominant?
DRAW: Live Hydra (36.2)
OBSERVE: Physalia or Gonionemus (pg 404)
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http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=bcmLxsJ5SAg
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200 species
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Marine only?
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Coastal (most)
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Which stage dominant?
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Most small
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Most not deadly –
what
should you do if stung?
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All dioecious
OBSERVE: Aurelia or Live Jellyfish
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Aurelia
Life Cycle
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How do they actively hunt?
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Box jellyfish – 50 species
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Recently split
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Umbrella is square-shaped
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Tropical and subtropical – global
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Cluster of tentacles at corners of
umbrella
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Active
predators
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=TSyvV6F1VzA
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Sea Wasp
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Tropical Australia
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6200 sp.
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All marine
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All regions of ocean
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Polyp stage only
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Basic anatomy
DRAW: Anemone dissection (pg 405)
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Miniature anemones
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Colonial
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Two types:
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Hard – secrete calcium carbonate
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Soft – no rigid skeleton
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Broadcast reproducers
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Symbiosis with?
DRAW:
Hard or
Soft coral
(pg 407)
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http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=icKB9E
fURhQ
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100 sp.
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Marine tropics
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Eight rows of
comb-like cilia
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Two long tentacles
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Formerly Cnidaria
Unveil the fascinating world of animal classification with a new system, delving into the definition of animals, informal groups, key events in animal evolution like symmetry and germ layers, embryological development of protostomes and deuterostomes, tissues formation, body cavity types, and cephalization importance. Discover the intricacies of animal evolution and diversity through engaging visuals and informative content.
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Presentation Transcript
Definition of Animal? Eukaryotic Heterotroph Multicellular No rigid cell wall Gametic (sexual) reproduction Kingdom Animalia 35-40 phyla Monophyletic What % invert? Most ectotherms Dramatically different body form/function
Anus Mouth
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Symmetry Why is Bilateral symmetry so prolific?
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Germ Layers https://www.youtu be.com/watch?v= dXpAbezdOho
Embryological Development Protostome
Embryological Development Deuterostome
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Tissues Two germ layers in primitive animals Three germ layers in complex animals Give rise to all tissue types Ectoderm skin and nervous Mesoderm skeletal and muscle Endoderm digestive Zebrafish embryo
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Body Cavity Organisms larger and more complex Need complex organs and systems Led to evolution of body cavity Three body cavity types
Body Cavity Types
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Cephalization Concentration of body functions at anterior Only in bilateral symmetry Why Important?
Key Events in Animal Evolution: Segmentation 3 major lineages 3 benefits of segmentation Protection Mobility Complexity
Other Key Features of the Animal Body Plan How do protists, bacteria, etc., get O2 to parts of body? What happens as animals get larger? How do animals solve this problem? 2 types:
Subkingdom Parazoa Phyla Porifera Most basal animal phyla 7000 marine, 150 freshwater Adults sessile Larvae planktonic Synapomorphies? Basic structure Yellow sliver
Filter Feeders https://www.youtu be.com/watch?v=p TZ211cIjX8
Size limited - why? OBSERVE: Preserved sponges (pg 398)
Reproduction Asexual Fragmentation Budding Sexual Hermaphroditic (monoecious) Few oviparous Most viviparous
Eumetazoa: The Radiata Distinct tissues (which?) called? True body symmetry - ? No coelom No real organs Two phyla:
Phylum Cnidaria 9,000 species Almost all marine All carnivorous Two body plans General life cycle 4 classes DRAW one, OBSERVE others: Aurelia medusa (pg 405) Aurelia planula Aurelia polyp
Are cnidarians smart? Are cnidarians fast? How are they carnivorous?
Cnidocytes Types of organelles Stinging (most) Adhesive Grasping Lassos Springs Hydra nematocyst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPYiC 1HDu-M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc _N1Zk
Class Hydrozoa (hydras) 2700 sp. Mostly marine Named after 9- headed hydra Which stage is dominant? DRAW: Live Hydra (36.2) OBSERVE: Physalia or Gonionemus (pg 404)
Class Scyphozoa 200 species Marine only? Coastal (most) Which stage dominant? Most small Most not deadly what should you do if stung? All dioecious http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=bcmLxsJ5SAg OBSERVE: Aurelia or Live Jellyfish
Class Cubozoa Box jellyfish 50 species Recently split Umbrella is square-shaped Tropical and subtropical global Cluster of tentacles at corners of umbrella Active predators How do they actively hunt? https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=TSyvV6F1VzA
Chironex fleckeri Sea Wasp Tropical Australia
Class Anthozoa (corals, sea anemones) 6200 sp. All marine All regions of ocean Polyp stage only Basic anatomy DRAW: Anemone dissection (pg 405)
Corals Miniature anemones Colonial Two types: Hard secrete calcium carbonate Soft no rigid skeleton Broadcast reproducers Symbiosis with? DRAW: Hard or Soft coral (pg 407)
Phylum Ctenophora 100 sp. Marine tropics Eight rows of comb-like cilia Two long tentacles Formerly Cnidaria http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=icKB9E fURhQ
