Evolution and Scope of Audiology Profession
HISTORY AND PROFESSION
OF AUDIOLOGY
1940s
•
Post WWII, aural rehab centers were created for soldiers with hearing
loss
•
Raymond Carhart developed protocol for fitting hearing aids that was
used for many years
•
Carhart also developed a graduate training program at Northwestern
University for Audiology
AUDIOLOGY SCOPE OF PRACTICE
•
Evaluation, (re)habilitation and prevention of:
•
HEARING LOSS
•
VESTIBULAR (BALANCE) DISORDERS
Evaluate
•
Behavioral (subjective) hearing
evaluations
•
Electrophysiological (objective)
hearing evaluations
•
OAEs, ABR, ECochG, ENOG, etc
•
Interoperative testing
•
Hearing Screening / Newborn
Hearing Screening
•
Balance Testing
•
ENG/VNG, Rotary chair,
Posturography, etc
•
CAPD Testing
•
Refer to other professionals
Rehabilitate
•
Hearing Aids
•
Assistive Listening Devices
•
Cochlear Implants
•
Aural/Auditory Rehab and
Training
•
Classroom Acoustics
•
Counseling/Education
•
Case Management
•
Cerumen Management
•
Vestibular Rehab/CRP
Prevention
•
Industrial/military hearing conservation programs
•
identify and remove hazardous noise
•
identify/track hearing loss
•
provide hearing protection - earplugs/earmuffs
•
educate/train
WHERE DO WE PRACTICE?
•
Private Practice
•
Physician Practice
•
Hospitals
•
Schools
•
Hearing and Speech Clinic
•
Universities
•
Hearing aid manufacturers
•
Industry
•
Speech-Language Pathologists
•
ENT physicians (Otolaryngologists), pediatricians, and other doctors
•
Educators
•
Occupational Therapists
•
Psychologists
•
Optometrists
•
OSHA and Industrial Safety Managers
8
Asha.org
•
Relate to patients
•
Explain technology developments
•
Communicate diagnostic results
•
Approach problems objectively
•
Provide support to patients and families
•
Patience and good listening skills
9
Asha.org
•
Since the early 2000's, a clinical doctorate in audiology (Au.D.) has
replaced the Master
’
s degree as the entry-level degree for those who
pursue clinical practice.
10
•
Clinical doctorate
•
First 3 years: course work
•
Science and math-based courses such as Neurology,
Anatomy/Physiology, Acoustics, Statistics
•
Clinic-prep courses such as Assessment, Hearing Aids, Aural
Rehabilitation
•
Clinic placements
•
4
th
Year: 12-month externship/residency
•
Supervised full-time clinic setting
•
Capstone Project
•
Research project/dissertation
•
Systematic review/thesis
11
•
State Licensure
•
Specified number of clinical hours
•
Continued Education
•
Hearing Aid Dispensing License (some states)
•
Praxis National Audiology Exam
•
Agree to Code of Ethics
•
ASHA CCC-A or ABA Certification (optional)
12
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TYMPANOMETRY
What are we measuring?
•
Indirect evaluation of the Middle Ear
How do we evaluate?
•
Acoustic Immitance
•
The application of sound and pressure to the Ear Drum
•
and then measuring how much sound energy is absorbed or reflected
OUTER AND MIDDLE EAR
SCREENING
•
All children should be screened
; especially children with the following
characteristics:
•
A first episode of acute otitis media prior to 6 months of age
•
Infants who have been bottle fed
•
Children with craniofacial anomalies, stigmata, or other findings
associated with syndromes known to affect the outer and middle ear,
•
Ethnic populations with documented increased incidence of outer and
middle ear disease (e.g., Native American and Eskimo populations)
•
A family history of chronic or recurrent OME
•
Those in group day care settings and/or crowded living conditions,
•
Those exposed to excessive cigarette smoke
•
Children diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss, learning disabilities,
behavior disorders, or developmental delays and disorders.
Basic Hearing Evaluation
A brief explanation
Transducers
Soundfield/Freefield speakers
Supra-aural/Circumaural Headphones
Insert phones
Bone conductor
•
Soundbooth
•
Audiometer
•
Stimuli
•
Tone
•
Microphone
•
Noise
•
CD Player
•
Air Conduction
•
Degree and configuration of loss
•
Bone Conduction
•
Type of loss
•
Speech
•
Functional communication
The Audiogram
A graph that shows an individuals type and degree of hearing loss
Loudness
Soft to Loud
Frequency
Low Pitch to High Pitch
The Audiogram
•
Audiogram: A graph that shows an individuals type and degree of
hearing loss as measured during the hearing test.
Basic Types of Hearing Loss
A brief explanation
Conductive Hearing Loss
•
A barrier to sound present in the outer or middle ear
•
Normal inner ear function
•
On the audiogram =
•
Normal bone conduction scores with Abnormal air conduction scores
•
Can be a temporary or a permanent hearing loss which may be
corrected medically or surgically
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
•
Impaired inner ear
•
Normal outer and middle ear sound pathway
•
Problem in cochlea or beyond
•
On the audiogram =
•
Abnormal bone conduction scores with abnormal air conduction that follows
bone scores
•
Nerve hearing loss which is permanent with no medical or surgical
options to correct the loss
Mixed Hearing Loss
•
Abnormal outer, middle, and inner ear function
•
On the audiogram =
•
Abnormal bone conduction scores and abnormal air conduction which is at least
15 dB worse than bone scores
•
Temporary or permanent hearing loss with possibility of medical or
surgical procedures for the conductive portion but not the nerve portion
HEARING SCREENING:
NEWBORNS
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program
Statistics
National
•
3-6/1000 births will have some
type of hearing loss
•
1/1000 have permanent hearing
loss
•
10% of those have auditory
neuropathy
•
50% of babies with HL at birth do
not have high risk factors – they
are well babies
South Carolina
•
60,000-70,000 live births/yr
•
120-140 fail screening
•
60-70 have profound hearing loss
•
12-14 have auditory neuropathy
High Risk Factors
•
family history of hereditary childhood
sensorineural hearing loss
•
in utero infection, such as
cytomegalovirus, rubella, syphilis, herpes,
and toxoplasmosis
•
craniofacial anomalies, including those
with morphological abnormalities of the
pinna and ear canal
•
birth weight less than 1,500 grams
(3.3lbs)
•
hyperbilirubinemia at a serum level
requiring exchange transfusion,
•
ototoxic medications, including but not
limited to the aminoglycosides, used in
multiple courses or in combination with
loop diuretics
•
bacterial meningitis
•
Apgar scores of 0–4 at 1 minute or 0–6 at
5 minutes
•
mechanical ventilation lasting 5 days or
longer
•
stigmata or other findings associated with
a syndrome known to include
sensorineural and/or conductive hearing
loss
•
parent/caregiver concern regarding
hearing and/or developmental delay
•
head trauma associated with loss of
consciousness or skull fracture
•
recurrent or persistent otitis media with
effusion for at least 3 months.
Post-WWII saw the establishment of aural rehab centers and the development of hearing aid fitting protocols by Raymond Carhart. Audiology encompasses evaluating hearing and balance disorders, rehabilitating through various interventions like hearing aids and cochlear implants, and preventing hearing loss. Audiologists work in diverse settings like private practices, clinics, hospitals, and with various professionals such as ENT physicians and occupational therapists. Key skills include patient communication, diagnostic expertise, and providing support to patients and families.
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Presentation Transcript
HISTORY AND PROFESSION OF AUDIOLOGY
1940s Post WWII, aural rehab centers were created for soldiers with hearing loss Raymond Carhart developed protocol for fitting hearing aids that was used for many years Carhart also developed a graduate training program at Northwestern University for Audiology
AUDIOLOGY SCOPE OF PRACTICE Evaluation, (re)habilitation and prevention of: HEARING LOSS VESTIBULAR (BALANCE) DISORDERS
Evaluate Behavioral (subjective) hearing evaluations Hearing Screening / Newborn Hearing Screening Electrophysiological (objective) hearing evaluations OAEs, ABR, ECochG, ENOG, etc Balance Testing ENG/VNG, Rotary chair, Posturography, etc CAPD Testing Interoperative testing Refer to other professionals
Rehabilitate Hearing Aids Classroom Acoustics Assistive Listening Devices Counseling/Education Cochlear Implants Case Management Aural/Auditory Rehab and Training Cerumen Management Vestibular Rehab/CRP
Prevention Industrial/military hearing conservation programs identify and remove hazardous noise identify/track hearing loss provide hearing protection - earplugs/earmuffs educate/train
WHERE DO WE PRACTICE? Private Practice Hearing and Speech Clinic Physician Practice Universities Hospitals Hearing aid manufacturers Schools Industry
With whom do Audiologists work? Speech-Language Pathologists ENT physicians (Otolaryngologists), pediatricians, and other doctors Educators Occupational Therapists Psychologists Optometrists OSHA and Industrial Safety Managers Asha.org 8
Required Skills Relate to patients Explain technology developments Communicate diagnostic results Approach problems objectively Provide support to patients and families Patience and good listening skills Asha.org 9
Education Since the early 2000's, a clinical doctorate in audiology (Au.D.) has replaced the Master s degree as the entry-level degree for those who pursue clinical practice. 10
The Au.D. Clinical doctorate First 3 years: course work Science and math-based courses such as Neurology, Anatomy/Physiology, Acoustics, Statistics Clinic-prep courses such as Assessment, Hearing Aids, Aural Rehabilitation Clinic placements 4th Year: 12-month externship/residency Supervised full-time clinic setting Capstone Project Research project/dissertation Systematic review/thesis 11
Professional Requirements State Licensure Specified number of clinical hours Continued Education Hearing Aid Dispensing License (some states) Praxis National Audiology Exam Agree to Code of Ethics ASHA CCC-A or ABA Certification (optional) 12
HEARING SCREENINGS AND HEARING SCREENINGS AND EVALUATIONS EVALUATIONS
What are we measuring? Indirect evaluation of the Middle Ear
How do we evaluate? Acoustic Immitance The application of sound and pressure to the Ear Drum and then measuring how much sound energy is absorbed or reflected
OUTER AND MIDDLE EAR SCREENING
All children should be screened; especially children with the following characteristics: A first episode of acute otitis media prior to 6 months of age Infants who have been bottle fed Children with craniofacial anomalies, stigmata, or other findings associated with syndromes known to affect the outer and middle ear, Ethnic populations with documented increased incidence of outer and middle ear disease (e.g., Native American and Eskimo populations) A family history of chronic or recurrent OME Those in group day care settings and/or crowded living conditions, Those exposed to excessive cigarette smoke Children diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss, learning disabilities, behavior disorders, or developmental delays and disorders.
Basic Hearing Evaluation A brief explanation
Audiometer Stimuli Tone Microphone Noise CD Player Soundbooth Transducers Soundfield/Freefield speakers Supra-aural/Circumaural Headphones Insert phones Bone conductor
Air Conduction Degree and configuration of loss Bone Conduction Type of loss Speech Functional communication
The Audiogram A graph that shows an individuals type and degree of hearing loss Frequency Low Pitch to High Pitch Loudness Soft to Loud
The Audiogram Audiogram: A graph that shows an individuals type and degree of hearing loss as measured during the hearing test.
Basic Types of Hearing Loss A brief explanation
Conductive Hearing Loss A barrier to sound present in the outer or middle ear Normal inner ear function On the audiogram = Normal bone conduction scores with Abnormal air conduction scores Can be a temporary or a permanent hearing loss which may be corrected medically or surgically
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Impaired inner ear Normal outer and middle ear sound pathway Problem in cochlea or beyond On the audiogram = Abnormal bone conduction scores with abnormal air conduction that follows bone scores Nerve hearing loss which is permanent with no medical or surgical options to correct the loss
Mixed Hearing Loss Abnormal outer, middle, and inner ear function On the audiogram = Abnormal bone conduction scores and abnormal air conduction which is at least 15 dB worse than bone scores Temporary or permanent hearing loss with possibility of medical or surgical procedures for the conductive portion but not the nerve portion
HEARING SCREENING: NEWBORNS Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program
Statistics National 3-6/1000 births will have some type of hearing loss South Carolina 60,000-70,000 live births/yr 120-140 fail screening 1/1000 have permanent hearing loss 60-70 have profound hearing loss 10% of those have auditory neuropathy 12-14 have auditory neuropathy 50% of babies with HL at birth do not have high risk factors they are well babies
High Risk Factors family history of hereditary childhood sensorineural hearing loss bacterial meningitis Apgar scores of 0 4 at 1 minute or 0 6 at 5 minutes in utero infection, such as cytomegalovirus, rubella, syphilis, herpes, and toxoplasmosis mechanical ventilation lasting 5 days or longer craniofacial anomalies, including those with morphological abnormalities of the pinna and ear canal stigmata or other findings associated with a syndrome known to include sensorineural and/or conductive hearing loss birth weight less than 1,500 grams (3.3lbs) parent/caregiver concern regarding hearing and/or developmental delay hyperbilirubinemia at a serum level requiring exchange transfusion, head trauma associated with loss of consciousness or skull fracture ototoxic medications, including but not limited to the aminoglycosides, used in multiple courses or in combination with loop diuretics recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion for at least 3 months.
