European Renaissance and Reformation: A Time of Innovation and Transformation
The European Renaissance and Reformation period from 1300-1600 was a time of significant change and progress in art, learning, and religion. The Renaissance brought about a rebirth in art and human potential, with a focus on secular achievements and the support of patrons. Meanwhile, the Reformation sparked a movement for reform in the Catholic Church, leading to the rise of Protestant groups and religious conflicts. Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance, played a pivotal role in fostering trade, supporting artists, and preserving classical heritage. This era also saw a shift towards worldly pleasures and a revolution in artistic techniques, as exemplified by renowned figures like Michelangelo.
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Chapter 17: 1300-1600 European Renaissance and Reformation CHAPTER 17:1
Vocabulary I Renaissance: Rebirth in art and learning Humanism: Focused on human potential and achievement (God doesn t help) Secular: Separation of church Patron: Supporter of artists Vernacular: Native Language Utopia: Thomas More s ideal place Johann Gutenberg: Invented the printing press
Vocabulary II Indulgence: Religious pardon for sin Reformation: Movement for reform of the Catholic Church Lutheran: Martin Luther s religious group Protestant: All Christians who were non-Catholic Annul: Remove a marriage Anglican: Church of England
Vocabulary III Theocracy: Government based on religious laws Counter/Catholic Reformation: Catholic Church s attempt to reform itself (Win back followers) Council of Trent: Meeting to determine reforms in the Catholic Church
Italy: The Birthplace of the Renaissance 17:1
Italy: The Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy s Advantages Trade Center Italy had more trade contacts Allowed for better exchanges of ideas Merchants and the Medici Merchants aided the Renaissance by supporting the arts Banker/Banking Family Florence Classical Heritage Copied the works of ancient Romans and Greeks = Classics
Classical and Worldly Values Classical Texts lead to Humanism Focused on human potential and achievement, not Christianity What are we capable of? Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures Believed a person could enjoy life and still please God People became more concerned with life on earth rather than going to heaven
Renaissance Revolutionizes Art New Techniques Sculpture and painting became lighter and had three dimensions Michelangelo: Most famous sculptor was created David, painted the Sistine Chapel, and designed St. Peter s Basilica Leonardo Da Vinci: Renaissance Man Studied all aspects of society, from flight to anatomy Famous paintings were Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vinci Da Vinci Tech
Renaissance Writers Change Literature Petrarch and Dante Began to write in vernacular, or common language Machiavelli Advises Rulers Wrote The Prince which advised rulers how to keep power Was not concerned about what was best for people, but what was politically effective! Keep/Stay in Power
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas The Legacy of the Renaissance Printing Press Chinese invented block- printing moveable type Chinese language had too many letters European languages have less characters 13th century block- printed arrived in Europe 1440 Johann Gutenberg (Germany) 1st Book: Bible Changes in Art Classical Styles: Rome/Greece Secular Works Literature in Vernacular Style Changes in Society Printing: More information Desire to learn Published maps Questioned political/religious structure
Main Idea Questions What are some of the characteristics of the Renaissance Man or Renaissance Women ? 1. 2. How did Italy s cities help to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance? 3. Explain the quote: The ends justify the Means ?
Luther Leads the Reformation CHAPTER 17:3
Luther Starts the Reformation Causes of the Reformation Problems in the Catholic Church Popes had a lot of money, and highly involved in politics Monks and priests were poorly educated, and broke clerical vows Early Calls for Reform Some people believed that Popes should not wield political power Others said that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders
Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther Became upset at the selling of indulgences, which was money to pay for sins 95 Thesis He wrote 95 statements attacking the practices of the Church Wittenberg, Germany His ideas based on three main beliefs: People could only get to heaven by faith alone, not good works All Church teaching should be based on the Bible alone, not the Pope and Church traditions All people in faith were equal, priests were not needed 1. 2. 3.
The Response to Luther Opposition to Luther Was excommunicated by the Pope Edict of Worms (Declared M.L. an Outlaw) By 1522, Luther and his followers had become a separate church: Lutherans Germany at War Charles V and Catholic Princes fought a war against northern Lutheran Princes After 20 years of fighting, Lutherans could not be forced back into the Church Peace of Augsburg was signed: religion in a German state was decided by the ruler
England Becomes Protestant Henry VIII Wants a Son Wanted to divorce Queen Catherine to marry a younger queen Asked the Pope to annul, or cancel the marriage but the Pope refused (Power Struggle) The Reformation Parliament In 1529, Parliament ended the power of the Pope in England Act of Supremacy In 1534, the king was declared the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
Henry VIII Consequences of Henry s Changes Married several wives throughout his rule 3 Children: Mary, Elizabeth, Edward Elizabeth Restores Protestantism Established a religion acceptable to both Protestants and Catholics Became one of England s greatest rulers
The Main Idea Questions What political, economic, and social factors helped bring about the Reformation? 1. 2. From where did the term Protestantism originate? 3. How did Henry VIII challenge the Catholic Church? Why did he do it?
The Reform Continues CHAPTER 17:4
The Reformation Continues Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church John Calvin and his Teachings (Calvinism) Believed in predestination God already knows who he has chosen to save Thought a theocracy was the ideal government Theocracy control by religious leaders Calvinism Spreads Became official religion in Scotland, known as Presbyterians Many Protestant religions trace their roots to Calvinism
The Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola Founded the Jesuit order, dedicated to keep people loyal to Catholicism Society dedicated to three main goals Founded religious schools Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop the spread of Protestantism 1. 2. 3.
Reforming Popes Reforming Popes Pope Paul III called church leaders together for the Council of Trent Decided on standard doctrine of the Catholic Church (The Council of Trent) Church s interpretation of the Bible was final Need Faith and good works for salvation The Legacy of the Reformation Catholic Church lost power, monarchs and nation- states gained power!!!! Led to religious wars between Catholics and Protestants 1. 2.
The Council of Trent Lasted From From 1545- 1563 4 Main Ideas The Church s interpretation of the Bible was final The Bible and Church traditions have equal power Indulgences were illegal Christians need faith and good works for salvation 1. 2. 3. 4.
Main Idea Questions Why was the Counter Reformation important for Catholics? Why was it necessary? 1. What are some of the accomplishments of the Reforming Popes? 1.
