Ethical Dimensions in Social Work
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Irene Stevens (SIRCC)
Laura Steckley (GSSW)
Mark Smith (University of
Edinburgh)
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Bureaucratisation
Managerialism
Professionalisation
‘What works’ and ‘Best value’ agendas
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The consequences of the rational such as
managerialism threaten the caring dimension of
social work
There should be a re-engagement with the ideas of
care
A care ethic can inform the modernising agenda
Offered a feminist critique of managerialism
(Parton and Meagher, 2004)
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Feminism…encourages women to leave their
husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft,
destroy capitalism and become lesbians.
Pat Robertson, 1992
Feminism is the radical notion that women are
people.
Bumper sticker, date unknown
I
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Assistant to Kohlberg
Girls tended not to fit model
–
Thus deemed morally less developed than their
male counterparts.
Raised Questions
–
Voice and relationship
–
Psychological processes and theory,
particularly
theories in which men’s experience stands
for all of human experience.
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Overriding focus on
creating and
maintaining boundaries
Separation
Use of universals and
reason to resolve moral
quandaries.
G
i
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s
a
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d
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o
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e
n
Overriding focus on
creating and
maintaining connection
Relational order
Use of context,
particulars and feeling
in resolving moral
quandaries.
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Are contextual and narrative
Arise from conflicting responsibilities
Are grounded in relationships
Deeply concerned with the activity of
care
“Relationship then requires a kind of courage
and emotional stamina which has long been
a strength of women, insufficiently noted and
valued (Gilligan, 1982, p
.xix
)
.”
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Based upon
Distance
Control
Rules for decision-making (e.g. risk assessment,
cost-benefit analysis)
Regulation
Monitoring
Assessment
Performance
M
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B
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s
Within current moral boundaries, “any
account of morality that draws upon emotion,
daily life and political circumstance will
necessarily seem corrupted by non-rational
and idiosyncratic incursions within this world
(Tronto, 1993, p.10).”
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Disconnect
The political from the moral
Moral thought from moral action
The rational from the sentimental
P
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C
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g
Caring about
Taking care of
Care-giving
Care-receiving
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(
1
)
‘
a totality of rules, norms, principles, equally
applicable to everyone and to every rational thinking
person.
’
(Moss and Petrie 2002)
Can
’
t deal with difference/ambiguity yet…
‘
human
reality is messy and ambiguous
’
(Bauman 1993)
Totalising
P
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(
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)
‘treating science as an Aladdin’s lamp which
could be overexploited with impunity, and
which could be counted on to solve all social
problems without itself giving rise to any.”
(Ferrier in Davie 1991 p.82)
Nazi Germany is the legitimate heir to the
Enlightenment (Gray)
P
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
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s
Ethics as construct of history and culture (Foucault)
‘
The foolproof - universal and unshakably founded -
ethical code will never be found; having singed our
fingers once too often…we now know that a non-
ambivalent morality, an ethics that is universal and
‘
objectively founded
’
is a practical impossibility;
perhaps also an oxymoron..
’
(Bauman 1993)
Critique of postmodern ethics - reduced to mere
aesthetics
Critique confuses ethics for morality
Re-personalising ethics
T
h
e
c
a
l
l
t
o
c
a
r
e
Am I my Brother
’
s Keeper?
Hutcheson, Smith; moral sentiment
Logstrup; the
‘
unspoken command
’
to care
Maier from
‘
care to caring care - our
moments of glory, our Camelots
’
Levinas; Ethics as first philosophy - I care
before I think
L
e
v
i
n
a
s
The autonomous, rational, subject grasps,
assimilates and makes the other into the same
Threatens alterity with
‘
totalitarianism of the same
’
Alterity is transcendent/unknowable
an ethic of an encounter/an ethic of responsibility
The face -
‘
the face before me summons me…
’
Le face a face sans intermediare
Responsibility is infinite
No reciprocity
Freedom comes from affirmation of other, not self
Heteronomy rather than autonomy
T
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‘
The ethics of care is concerned with
responsibilities and relationships rather than
rules and rights; it is bound to concrete
situations, rather than being formal and
abstract; and it is a moral activity rather than
a set of principles to be followed.
’
(Sevenhuisjen 1999 in Moss and Petrie
2002)
P
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‘
getting oneself to attend to the reality of individual
other persons…while not allowing one
’
s own needs,
bias, fantasies (conscious and unconscious), and
desires regarding the other persons to get in the way
of appreciating his or her particular needs or
situation…(Blum 1994)
Ethical and moral comportment evolves and unfolds
within the context of relationship and is created
within relationship (Ricks and Bellefeuille 2003)
E
t
h
i
c
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
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w
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r
k
(
1
)
Am I my brothers keeper? (Bauman 2000)
‘
moral assessment has been replaced by the
procedural execution of rules
’
‘
new capitalism
’
calls for individualism, instrumental
rationality, flexibility, short-term engagement, de-
regulation and the dissolution of established
relationships and practices, caring relationships
…are predicated on an expressive rather than
instrumental relationship to others (based on) trust,
commitment over time and a degree of predictability
(Brannan and Moss 2003)
E
t
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i
c
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
w
o
r
k
(
2
)
‘
the daily practice of social work
(is made) ever more distant from its
original ethical impulse; the objects of
care turned more and more into the
specimens of legal categories and the
process of
‘
effacing the face
’
endemic
to all bureaucracy, (is) set in motion.
’
E
t
h
i
c
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
w
o
r
k
(
3
)
When procedural execution takes over from moral
assessment as the guide to job performance, one of
the most conspicuous and seminal consequences is
the urge to make the rules more precise and less
ambiguous that they are, to taper the range of
possible interpretations..
’
‘
For the ethical world, however, ambivalence and
uncertainty are its daily bread and cannot be
stamped out without destroying the moral substance
of responsibility…
”
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
‘
We are not moral thanks to society (we are only
ethical and law-abiding thanks to it); we live in
society, we
are
society, thanks to being moral
’
(Bauman 1993)
‘
There is nothing reasonable about taking
responsibility, about caring and being moral. Morality
has only itself to support it: it is better to care than to
wash one
’
s hands, better to be in solidarity with the
unhappiness of the other than indifferent
’
(Bauman
2000)
Act justly, love tenderly, walk humbly
• Welcome and intros to us
• During this seminar, we hope to provoke some thought around the concept of care and its relevance to social work and residential child care.
• Seminar will begin with a presentation on some of the historical underpinnings of the concept of care. It will then move on to look at the impact of feminist ethics, and end with an examination of some post-modernist views of care.
• Cyclical journey, because we propose that initial views of care were relational but subsequently moved onto the rational. We also feel that the time is right to consider moving back to the relational once again, and embracing the concept of care in social work.
• Residential child care has much to offer practitioners in the field, about the true values and worth of care.
• Question What attracted you into social work as a profession? Keep this question in mind during the presentation.
• We could start off this seminar by giving a definition of care. However, our feeling was that this was not the most helpful way to start
• Historical perspective as start point.
• Chose Scottish Enlightenment.
• 1740 to 1790.
• Academics, Francis Hutcheson and Adam Smith : University of Glasgow. Adam Ferguson, and William Robertson : University of Edinburgh.
• Outside the academy who influenced the course of the dialogue, the most important of whom was probably David Hume.
• We will discuss three of these. Firstly there is Francis Hutcheson.
Delve into the ethical underpinnings of social work from the Rational to the Relational perspective, tracing the evolution of care ethics through the Scottish Enlightenment philosophers to contemporary discussions on universal ethics and feminist critiques of managerialism in social work practice.
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From the Rational to the Relational: an exploration of an ethic of care Irene Stevens (SIRCC) Laura Steckley (GSSW) Mark Smith (University of Edinburgh)
The Scottish Enlightenment (1740-1790) Hutcheson (1694-1746) argued that humans have natural and disinterested feelings of benevolence which guide their moral acts and an innate "moral sense" which informs their moral judgments : a reaching out for the other, with traditional virtues such as benevolence and generosity
The Scottish Enlightenment (1740-1790) Hume (1711-1776) said that although it could be argued that morality is founded on reason, we also have feelings of approval or disapproval about our actions. This shows that sentiment is also part of the human condition. The connection between reason and sentiment, driven by hedonism was the essence of morality
The Scottish Enlightenment (1740-1790) Smith (1723-1790) tried to marry the views of Hutcheson and Hume. Man, conscious of his own weakness, and of the need which he has for the assistance of others, rejoices whenever he observes that they adopt his own passions, because he is then assured of that assistance; and grieves whenever he observes the contrary, because he is then assured of their opposition.
Kant and universal ethics Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (Kant) Universal ethics Social work is legitimated by state authority. Social workers cannot give priority to their private judgement of client actions over key principles of law and accepted morality (Clark)
Some consequences Bureaucratisation Managerialism Professionalisation What works and Best value agendas
Critique of the rational approach The consequences of the rational such as managerialism threaten the caring dimension of social work There should be a re-engagement with the ideas of care A care ethic can inform the modernising agenda Offered a feminist critique of managerialism (Parton and Meagher, 2004)
What is feminism? Feminism was established so that unattractive women could have easier access to the mainstream of society. Just look at the history of feminism if you doubt the truth. Rush Limbaugh, 2005 I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is; I only know people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat, or a prostitute Rebecca West, 1913
What is feminism? Feminism encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism and become lesbians. Pat Robertson, 1992 Feminism is the radical notion that women are people. Bumper sticker, date unknown
In A Different Voice Carol Gilligan Assistant to Kohlberg Girls tended not to fit model Thus deemed morally less developed than their male counterparts. Raised Questions Voice and relationship Psychological processes and theory, particularly theories in which men s experience stands for all of human experience.
Reframing questionsmaking the relational realities explicit Boys and Men Girls and Women Overriding focus on creating and maintaining boundaries Separation Use of universals and reason to resolve moral quandaries. Overriding focus on creating and maintaining connection Relational order Use of context, particulars and feeling in resolving moral quandaries.
Feminist conceptions of moral problems Are contextual and narrative Arise from conflicting responsibilities Are grounded in relationships Deeply concerned with the activity of care Relationship then requires a kind of courage and emotional stamina which has long been a strength of women, insufficiently noted and valued (Gilligan, 1982, p.xix).
Casting a feminist light on managerialism Based upon Distance Control Rules for decision-making (e.g. risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis) Regulation Monitoring Assessment Performance
Moral Boundaries Within current moral boundaries, any account of morality that draws upon emotion, daily life and political circumstance will necessarily seem corrupted by non-rational and idiosyncratic incursions within this world (Tronto, 1993, p.10).
Trontos Identified Boundaries Disconnect The political from the moral Moral thought from moral action The rational from the sentimental
Phases of Caring Caring about Taking care of Care-giving Care-receiving Both at micro and macro levels, an ethic of care can cast light on problems of power and difference, and help in overcoming characteristic dilemmas related to care.
Problems with universal ethics(1) a totality of rules, norms, principles, equally applicable to everyone and to every rational thinking person. (Moss and Petrie 2002) Can t deal with difference/ambiguity yet human reality is messy and ambiguous (Bauman 1993) Totalising
Problems with universal ethics(2) treating science as an Aladdin s lamp which could be overexploited with impunity, and which could be counted on to solve all social problems without itself giving rise to any. (Ferrier in Davie 1991 p.82) Nazi Germany is the legitimate heir to the Enlightenment (Gray)
Postmodern ethics Ethics as construct of history and culture (Foucault) The foolproof - universal and unshakably founded - ethical code will never be found; having singed our fingers once too often we now know that a non- ambivalent morality, an ethics that is universal and objectively founded is a practical impossibility; perhaps also an oxymoron.. (Bauman 1993) Critique of postmodern ethics - reduced to mere aesthetics Critique confuses ethics for morality Re-personalising ethics
The call to care Am I my Brother s Keeper? Hutcheson, Smith; moral sentiment Logstrup; the unspoken command to care Maier from care to caring care - our moments of glory, our Camelots Levinas; Ethics as first philosophy - I care before I think
Levinas The autonomous, rational, subject grasps, assimilates and makes the other into the same Threatens alterity with totalitarianism of the same Alterity is transcendent/unknowable an ethic of an encounter/an ethic of responsibility The face - the face before me summons me Le face a face sans intermediare Responsibility is infinite No reciprocity Freedom comes from affirmation of other, not self Heteronomy rather than autonomy
The difference between universal and care ethics The ethics of care is concerned with responsibilities and relationships rather than rules and rights; it is bound to concrete situations, rather than being formal and abstract; and it is a moral activity rather than a set of principles to be followed. (Sevenhuisjen 1999 in Moss and Petrie 2002)
Practising an ethic of care getting oneself to attend to the reality of individual other persons while not allowing one s own needs, bias, fantasies (conscious and unconscious), and desires regarding the other persons to get in the way of appreciating his or her particular needs or situation (Blum 1994) Ethical and moral comportment evolves and unfolds within the context of relationship and is created within relationship (Ricks and Bellefeuille 2003)
Ethics and social work (1) Am I my brothers keeper? (Bauman 2000) moral assessment has been replaced by the procedural execution of rules new capitalism calls for individualism, instrumental rationality, flexibility, short-term engagement, de- regulation and the dissolution of established relationships and practices, caring relationships are predicated on an expressive rather than instrumental relationship to others (based on) trust, commitment over time and a degree of predictability (Brannan and Moss 2003)
Ethics and social work (2) the daily practice of social work (is made) ever more distant from its original ethical impulse; the objects of care turned more and more into the specimens of legal categories and the process of effacing the face endemic to all bureaucracy, (is) set in motion.
Ethics and social work (3) When procedural execution takes over from moral assessment as the guide to job performance, one of the most conspicuous and seminal consequences is the urge to make the rules more precise and less ambiguous that they are, to taper the range of possible interpretations.. For the ethical world, however, ambivalence and uncertainty are its daily bread and cannot be stamped out without destroying the moral substance of responsibility
Conclusion We are not moral thanks to society (we are only ethical and law-abiding thanks to it); we live in society, we are society, thanks to being moral (Bauman 1993) There is nothing reasonable about taking responsibility, about caring and being moral. Morality has only itself to support it: it is better to care than to wash one s hands, better to be in solidarity with the unhappiness of the other than indifferent (Bauman 2000) Act justly, love tenderly, walk humbly
