Equine Venereal Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment Overview by Jrme PONTHIER DVM

Learn about the diagnosis and treatment of equine venereal diseases such as Taylorella equigenitalis in horses. Understand the pathogenesis, transmission, and legal obligations for these diseases in the UE (European Union). Discover the general approaches for diagnosis and treatment in stallions and mares, along with legal prescriptions and requirements for handling Taylorella equigenitalis. Explore techniques like swabs, cultures, bacteriology, and PCR for accurate diagnosis.

• Equine
• Venereal Diseases
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Taylorella equigenitalis

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1. VENERAL DISEASES EQUINE J r me PONTHIER DVM, M. Sc., Ph. D., Diplomate ECAR

2. Bacteria Virus Taylorella equigenitalis (=CEM) EVA EIA Legal obligations in UE Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae (Strepto. equi equi = ?) EHV3 (EHV1&4 = ?) No legal obligation in UE

3. Bacteria Taylorella equigentialis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebseilla pneumoniae, (Streptococcus equi equi = ?) Pathogenesis & transmission: Stallion: healthly carrier Mare: endometritis (post-mating/post AI) Chronical carriage & re-infection with clitoridal fossa Foal transmission during foaling (vaginal) Taylorella equigenitalis

4. Bacteria Diagnosis: general approach: Stallion: Swabs of: Penis Urethra Semen Ok, but multiple bacteria on it Mare: Swabs of: Clitoridian sinuses Endometrium

5. Bacteria Treatment: general approach: Stallion: Local: Antiseptic washing Antibiotic creams Semen (AI prog) : Extenders & AB Density gradient centrifugations Mare: Uterine lavage & AB instillations Antibiotic creams (clitoris) Clitoridectomy

6. Taylorella equigenitalis Diagnosis: legal prescription (UE & countries) Stallion: Swabs of: Penis Urethra Urethra fossae Semen Mare: Swabs (pediatric) of: Clitoridian sinuses Cervix if not pregnant

7. Taylorella equigenitalis Diagnosis: processing of swabs: Culture & bacteriology: Sometimes numerous sets of swabs necessary to diagnose (UE: 2 at 7 days interval; USA: 3 within 14 days, ) Transport to culture: <48h in Amies-charcoal medium Culture medium & atmosphere: strictly regulated Only accredited labs (check in your country) PCR: More sensitive (no need of numerous sets) ? No transport considerations ! Not recognised by all countries/entities

8. Taylorella equigenitalis Treatment: legal prescriptions (according countries): Stallion: Local: Antiseptic washing Antibiotic creams Semen (AI prog) : Detection of carriers Density gradient centrifugations (?) Mare: Clitoridectomy Uterine lavage & AB instillations

9. Virus with legal obligations Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Retrovirus (lentivirus) like AIDs Clinical signs: nothing > weight loss > severe debilitation > death platelets > red cells & anemia Diagnosis: Coggins (gel immuno diffusion) = legal way in UE ELISA, PCR Transmission: veneral & vectors Treatment: euthanasia decided by local authorities

10. Virus with legal obligations Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Arterivirus Clinical signs: Low mortality & moderate morbidity Oedema, watering Abortion Transmission: veneral & respiratory: Specific case of stallions: General symptoms with respiratory excretion > carrier with semen excretion

11. Virus with legal obligations Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Diagnosis Mares: serology Breeding stallions (UE approach): Blood: serology - Semen: Viral isolation PCR + - +

12. Virus with legal obligations Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Treatment & prevention: Mares: symptomatic Breeding stallions: Re-assay in semen Centrifugation with density gradeint media Vaccination: available, but will become sero + Epidemiological follow-up becomes impossible Difficulties to export semen or horses (e.g.: South Africa)

13. Virus Equine Herpes Virus 3: coital exenthema Evolution: (sometimes also on the nose) Transmission during breeding (mare stallion) After 1 week: vesicles of 2-3mm After 2-7 weeks: vesicle dry & exsude serum that form crusts Crusts fall & small ulcers appears Ulcers heals but small unpigmented points remain for long time Diagnosis: tyical lesions, serologic studies (?), viral isolation on lesions (?)

14. Virus Equine Herpes Virus 3: coital exenthema Treatment: Local AB cream to help healing of ulcers Prevention: Prevent contact between animals during 3 weeks (however, stallions will refuse to breed: dolor) After infection, animal is resistant durin g at last 1 year.

15. Virus Equine Herpes Virus 1&4: EHV1: abortion & neurological EHV4: respiratory For inside UE exportation, breeding animals should be vaccinated (first > second > every six month) Veneral transmission = ? (see isolation in equine semen)

16. VENERAL DISEASES Eq01 Which of the following agent has legal implications for exportation within the UE? 1. EHV3 2. Streptococcus equi equi 3. EHV1 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5. None 6. All

17. VENERAL DISEASES Eq01 Which of the following agent has legal implications for exportation within the UE? 1. EHV3 2. Streptococcus equi equi 3. EHV1 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5. None 6. All