Effective Teaching Strategies and Training Essentials

Task C: The Teaching Process This information comes from chapters 4 & 6 of the AIH

What is Teaching? Teaching is to instruct or train someone, or the profession of someone who teaches

Essential Teaching Skills (PAMS) People Skills Assessment Skills Management Skills Subject Matter Expertise (SME) Computer hacking skills Nunchuk skills

Essential Parts of a Lesson Plan (OEEISC) Objective Elements Equipment Instructor s actions Student s actions Completion standards

Course of Training In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. Private Pilot Course Commercial Pilot Course Flight Instructor Course

Curriculum This is a set of courses in a an area of specialization offered by an educational institution. Pro Pilot Training 4 Year Degree Programs

Syllabus A summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. Page 6-3 in the AIH

Training Course Outline (TCO) The content of a particular course. Found within a curriculum Normally contains: Statements of objectives Description of the teaching aids Definitions of assessment criteria Indications of desired outcomes

Preparation of a Lesson A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented

Determine the Lesson Objectives Performance Based: essential in defining exactly what needs to be done and how it is to be done during each lesson Decision Based: allows for a more dynamic training environment and are ideally suited to scenario type training

Performance-Based Objectives Description of the Skill or Behavior Explains the desired outcome of the instruction May be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude Conditions Necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated Criteria The standards that measure the accomplishment of the objective

Decision-Based Objectives Designed specifically to develop pilot judgement and ADM skills Often used with traditional task and maneuver training within a given scenario

A lesson plan, when properly used A lesson plan, when properly used Must contain a wise selection of material and the elimination of unimportant details Will ensure due consideration is given to each part of the lesson Aid the instructor in presenting efficiently Provides an outline of the teaching procedure to be used Relates the lesson to the objective Can provide inexperienced instructors with confidence Promotes uniformity of instruction

Preparation of a Lesson Characteristics of a Well-Planned Lesson Unity Content Scope Practicality Flexibility Relates to the course of training Contains the 4 instruction steps; Preparation, Presentation, Application, and Review (PPAR)

Organization of Material Introduction Attention applicable story, joke, or video to capture student attention Motivation offers students specific reasons why the lesson is important Overview clear, concise presentation of objectives to be covered during the lesson

Organization of Material Development Past to Present suitable when history is important; include example (such as GPS development over the years) Simple to Complex less information at first is more easily observed (Airspace) Known to Unknown uses existing knowledge to learn new lesson (Rectangular course to traffic pattern) Most frequently used to less used teach the most basic, common first (GPS vs. VOR)

Organization of Material Conclusion Retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objectives Outro: Let me check my lesson plan. Do you have any questions?

Training Delivery Methods The method is chosen by nature of the subject material (LGECCDD) Lecture Guided discussion E-Learning Computer Assisted Learning Cooperative or Group Learning Demonstration/Performance Method Drill and Practice

Training Delivery Methods Lecture Method This method is mainly used for: Introduce new concepts Summarizing new ideas Show relationship between theory and practice Reemphasizing main points of a lesson

Training Delivery Methods Types of Lectures: (IBFIT) Illustrated talk speaker uses visual aids to help convey the message Briefing speaker provides short, concise facts Formal speaker s purpose is to inform, persuade, or entertain Informal speaker includes student participation in a relaxed atmosphere Teaching Lecture Allows active participation by the students

Training Delivery Methods Advantages of Lectures: Convenient way to instruct large groups Helps to supplement other teaching devices and methods Instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time Most economical in regards to time required to present the material

Training Delivery Methods Disadvantages: Not effective for learning large amounts of information in a short period of time!! Does not easily allow an instructor to estimate student understanding of the material covered The lecture provides no accurate means of checking student progress

Training Delivery Methods Preparing the Teaching Lecture Establish the objectives and desired outcomes Research the subject Organize your material Plan productive classroom activities

Training Delivery Methods Suitable Language Use simple words No vulgarisms Define any technical terms Use specific rather than general words

Training Delivery Methods Types of Delivery Reading from a manuscript Reciting from memory Speaking extemporaneously from an outline Speaking impromptu without preparation

Training Delivery Methods Use of Notes An instructor who is thoroughly prepared or who has made the presentation before can usually speak effectively without notes Notes used wisely can ensure accuracy Helps keep the lecture on track Make no effort to hide them from the student

Training Delivery Methods Guided Discussion Method Helps to draw out what a student knows by the skillful use of questions Introduced in the same manner as the lecture Introduction AMO Discussion lead off questions Conclusion summarizing the material covered

Training Delivery Methods Characteristics of an Effective Question (HICS RR) Has a specific purpose Is clear in meaning Contains a single idea Stimulates thought Requires definite answers Relates to previously covered information

Training Delivery Methods Electronic (E-Learning) Any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, video conferencing, websites, flight simulators, or email in its delivery

Training Delivery Methods Advantages Time flexible Cost competitive Learner centered Easily updated Accessible anytime, and anywhere

Training Delivery Methods Disadvantages The lack of peer interaction and personal feedback Difficult for the instructor to control Difficulty in finding good programs for certain subject areas Expense of the equipment Instructors and students may lack the sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software

Training Delivery Methods Computer-Assisted Learning Method PC-based; students can progress at a rate comfortable to them Includes flight stimulators, flight training devices (FTD s), and aviation training devices (ATD s) Students can use test prep study guides, and take practice tests to help prepare for knowledge tests

Training Delivery Methods Cooperative or Group Learning Method Organizes students into small groups who can work together to maximize their own and each other s learning

Training Delivery Methods Research indicates Higher test scores Higher self-esteem Improved social skills Greater comprehension of the subject they are studying

Training Delivery Methods Demonstration-Performance Method Used almost extensively in flight training. Follow these steps in order: 1. Explanation (instructor) 2. Demonstration (instructor) 3. Student performs 4. Instructor supervises 5. Evaluation (instructor)

Training Delivery Methods Important Points About the Demonstration-Performance method: The stud s performance is their application of the instructor s presented material Stud may be asked to explain newly learned material (classroom) Stud may be asked to perform a newly learned maneuver (flight) Early on in the lesson, a stud s performance can often be interrupted by the instructor in order to correct errors

Training Delivery Methods Important Points About the Demonstration-Performance method: Early corrections by the instructor are important in order for the student to develop good habits A students good habits ensure correct performance. Bad habits are hard to break

Training Delivery Methods Drill and Practice Method Promotes learning through repetition Every time practice occurs, learning continues Which Law of Learning reinforces this method?

Problem-based Learning Presenting real life problems which force the student to reach real world solutions Back bone of the new ACS Promotes ADM and problem solving skills Scenario-based training (SBT) is a form of problem-based learning

Problem-based Learning Types of PBL: Scenario based Collaborative Problem-Solving Case Study

Problem-based Learning Characteristics of a good scenario (IWDSS) Is not a test Will not have one, right answer Does not offer an obvious answer Should not promote errors Should promote situational awareness and opportunities for decision making

Instructional Aids and Training Technologies Instructional aids support, supplement, and reinforce what is being taught Good instructional aids can help solve language barrier issues

Instructional Aids and Training Technologies Guidelines for Effective Instructional Aids (CGOS) Clearly establishes the lesson objective Gather necessary data by researching the support material Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan Select the ideas to be supported with the instructional aids

Instructional Aids and Training Technologies When are instructional aids needed? Long segments of technical description Complex point difficult to put into words When instructors are forming visual images When students are puzzled by a verbal description

Instructional Aids and Training Technologies Types of Instructional Aids White board Supplemental print material Enhanced training materials Projected material Video Computer-assisted learning Models, mock-ups and cut-a-ways