Comprehensive Overview of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Dr. Keshav Singh Department of Zoology D.D.U.Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273009

Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their combination of techniques such as pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification biological control, habitat modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties. damage through a of manipulation, cultural,

IPM management tactics or practices (physical, mechanical, cultural, genetical etc.) that maintain pest populations at economically low level with as little disturbance to the ecosystem particularly the beneficial insects and natural enemies as may be absolutely necessary. Pesticidal intervention is minimal or a last device and other measures are given due consideration. IPM is dynamic and takes into account a holistic approach, i.e., interactions between all biological agents associated with plant and the appropriate mix of control technologies. is the development of a set of biological, chemical,

According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (1967), IPM was management system in the context of associated environment and population dynamics in pest species. It utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains the pest population at levels below those that cause economic injury. All the available techniques are evaluated and consolidated into a unified program to manage pest populations so that economic damage is avoided and adverse side effects on the environment minimized. defined as a pest

Bartlett(1956) coined the word integrated control to denote the blending of biological control agents with intervention of chemical control. But today it covers wider sense and the concept is called management which involves all all eco- friendly practices of pest management such as physical, cultural, legal, biological, genetical, chemical that could population below the economic threshold level. as integrated pest reduce the insect

In 1967 the term IPM was introduced by R.F. Smith and R. van den Bosch. The term IPM was formalized by the US National Academy of Sciences in 1969. IPM was adopted as policy by various world governments during the 70's and 80's, including the USA (1972). 1970 s-1980 s IPM adapted for managing pests of landscape trees and shrubs in Urban Areas. In 1985 India declared IPM as official Ministerial Policy.

The Integrated Pest Management should serve as a "technology basket" or "menu of technologies" from which intelligent choice can be made by the farmers. The IPM is of primary importance as it brings economic benefits. The IPM has been accepted as the cardinal principle for plant protection in India. and environmental

Principle approaches Incudes-3 principle approaches Direct action against pathogen. Genetic modification of the host . Modification of environment to make it unfavourable for the host.

Issues of IPM IPM need following considerations : 1. Use of fertilizers for better soil fertility. 2. Use of resistant plant against pests. 3.Fore-warning of the pest infestation and use cropping calendar. 4. Plant density. 5. Provision of ecological niches for natural enemies

The procedure of integrated control 1.Assessment of economic injury level [EIL]. The smallest number of insects that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs. Economic threshold. The pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest the economic injury level." 2. Assessment of economic threshold level [ETL]. The economic threshold is the density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide An economic threshold is the insect's population level or extent of crop damage at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest . population from reaching an economic return.

3. Assessing potential natural enemy activity: Conservation biological control emphasizes the enhancement of natural enemies and is the cornerstone of all approaches to biological control. preservation and

4. Implementation of cultural practices: Make the crop or habitat unacceptable to pests by interfering with their oviposition preferences, host plant discrimination or location by both adults and immature. Make the crop unavailable to the pest in space and time by utilizing knowledge of the pest's life history, especially its dispersal and overwintering habits. Reduce pest survival on the crop by enhancing its natural enemies, or by altering the crop's susceptibility to the pest. To design and implement cultural controls, it is necessary to have accurate knowledge of crop and pest biology, ecology and phenology, and of the weak links in pest-crop interactions. Judicious use of synthetic fertilisers, use of organic manure, early/late sowing of the crop, adequate irngation, disposition of agricultural wastes, use of resistant cultivars, strip cropping, polyculture, etc. are several cultural practices that must be implemented in crop cultivation as these methods are not only low costing but also are eco- friendly.

5. Application of biological control methods or augmentation of environmental resistance: The environmental constraints (natural enemies, diseases etc.) resist the growth of a pest population in nature. The purpose of augmentation may be to provide natural enemy action insufficient or to establish a new equilibrium pest population at an artificially low level. Where natural enemies have disappeared because of lack of a vital alternative host, replacing a single plant species may be all that is necessary. where their number is

6. Application of selective pesticides: integrated management involves pesticide selectivity. The selective more toxic and safe for non target organisms insecticides are used. There are several pesticides that cause less harm to the therefore, the farmers should be educated to apply a specific pesticide for a specific pest. natural enemies,

Advantages of IPM Reduction in the producer economic risk, by the promotion of low cost of carefully targeted pest management practices. Promote natural controls. Protect human health. Minimize negative impacts to non-target organism. Enhance the general environment. Produce long-term beneficial results. Cost-effective in the short and long-term. Easily and efficiently implemented.

More awareness is the prime need of farmers , now a days, which will be helpful in applying the Integrated Pest Management management of insect pest in agricultural practices for the better

References http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/urban/cropsci/c11struc/sipm http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.htm http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/ipm..pdf http//en.wikipedia org /wiki/ integrated pest management. http://www.ehow.com/info 8059906. drawbacks integrated pest management.ipm. html. http://www.sdstate.edu/ps/extension/ipm/benefits.cfn. Smith, R.F.; Smith, G.L. (May 1949). "Supervised control of insects: Utilizes parasites and predators and efficient" (PDF). California Agriculture. 3 (5): 3 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-30. RAJENDRA SINGH and G. C. SACHAN ( 2007) .Elements of Entomology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS, SHIVAJI ROAD, MEERUT, INDIA http://ppqs.gov.in/IPM.htm www.ncap.res.in makes chemical control more

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