Challenges Faced by African Nations in Achieving Stability Post-Independence
African Independence
Why did so many of these nations
struggle to achieve stability?
Berlin Conference 1885
Foundations of Independence
Pan-African Movement
--The belief that all Africans should unite to fight
for political freedom and economic
development
--Members from across globe, including WEB Du
Bois
--Held conferences in European cities like Paris
and Manchester, beginning in early 1900s
World War II
•
Africans fought with Europeans against
fascism and Japanese imperialism
•
The war weakened colonial rulers
economically
Ghana—First to win freedom
•
British colony (indirect
rule)
•
Movement led by Kwame
Nkrumah (studied in US),
using non-violent strikes
and protests
•
Jailed several times
•
Achieved independence
in 1957, changed name
from Gold Coast to Ghana
Challenges of Ghana
•
Overspent on
infrastructure, schools
and health care
•
Nkrumah may have
been too focused on
Pan-African issues
•
Army seized power in
1966
•
First free elections in
2000
Kenya
•
British settlers in
northern highlands
resisted independence
mvt
•
Jomo Kenyatta
(educated in Britain) led
resistance
•
Kenyatta supported
Pan-African movement
Mau Mau
•
Secret society of Kikuyu
farmers who lost land
to British settlers
•
Tried to frighten white
settlers and kill livestock
•
Turned to guerrilla war
tactics
•
British sent in troops
from 1952-1960
-Official British numbers:
11,000 rebels killed while
32 whites died
-Kenyan Human Rights
Commission claims:
90,000 Kenyans
“executed, tortured or
maimed” (BBC)
•
Mau Mau were also
brutal
--example: raid on village
Lari while men were off
fighting on behalf of
British; Mau Mau killed 70
people, mostly women
and children
Challenges in Kenya
•
Kenyatta became first president and was able
to keep ethnic groups unified
•
Succeeded after death by Daniel arap Moi,
leader from 1978-2002, who was accused of
corruption
•
Ethnic conflicts killed hundreds
•
Elections in 2002
•
Growing prosperity, but also problems with
Somalia and al Shabaab (mall shooting?)
Congo
•
Belgian colony given
freedom in 1960
•
Congo divided internally:
•
Patrice Lumumba
democratically elected
prime minister
•
Gave speech about
humiliations and
exploitation of colonial
system that scared
Western nations
•
Province of Katanga (rich in copper and uranium)
wanted to secede, led by Moise Tshombe
•
CIA gave money and support to Lumumba’s
opponents
•
Lumumba betrayed and handed over to
Tshombe, who had him beaten, tortured and shot
•
Tshombe overthrown in 1965 by Mobutu Sese
Seko (one of Lumumba’s betrayers)—changed
name of country to Zaire
•
Mobutu looted mineral
wealth while leaving the
people poor, but held
power for 32 years
•
US supported him as
anti-communist
•
Congo still struggling
with instability
Rwanda
•
Belgium had given status to Tutsi ethnic group
over Hutu majority
•
Given freedom from Belgium in 1962
•
New democratic government gave power to
Hutus
•
Ethnic violence broke out between these
groups several times over next few decades
Genocide
•
In 1994,
Hutu
extremists
led a
genocide of
Tutsis and of
Hutu
moderates.
•
Over one
million
people were
killed
Algeria
•
French colony with one
million colonists
•
About nine million Arab
and Berber natives
•
Algerian National
Liberation Front (FLN) led
movement
•
French used force to
maintain power
(beginning in 1945) and
FLN led guerilla resistance
•
Algeria gained
independence in 1962
•
Most of the French
settlers left
•
New nation struggled to
modernize
•
In 1988, Islamic militants
rioted against secular
government
•
Civil War broke out in
early 1990s
Angola
•
Portuguese colony—no
school system or health
facilities; only limited
commerce
•
Independence movement
began in 1960s
•
Portugal sent 50,000
troops
•
Withdrew in 1975 but
without establishing a
new government
•
Internal fighting between
–
MPLA (Communist, helped by Cuba and USSR)
–
FNLA (helped by US and Zaire/Congo)
–
UNITA (helped by US and South Africa)
•
War ended in 2002
•
Why do you think so many African nations
struggled to achieve stability after
independence?
Many African nations faced struggles in achieving stability post-independence due to a variety of reasons such as historical colonial legacies, economic challenges, leadership issues, and external interference. Despite efforts like the Pan-African Movement and participation in World War II, the path to stability for countries like Ghana and Kenya was marked by internal conflicts, political turmoil, and challenges in governance.
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Presentation Transcript
African Independence Why did so many of these nations struggle to achieve stability?
Foundations of Independence Pan-African Movement --The belief that all Africans should unite to fight for political freedom and economic development --Members from across globe, including WEB Du Bois --Held conferences in European cities like Paris and Manchester, beginning in early 1900s
World War II Africans fought with Europeans against fascism and Japanese imperialism The war weakened colonial rulers economically
GhanaFirst to win freedom British colony (indirect rule) Movement led by Kwame Nkrumah (studied in US), using non-violent strikes and protests Jailed several times Achieved independence in 1957, changed name from Gold Coast to Ghana
Challenges of Ghana Overspent on infrastructure, schools and health care Nkrumah may have been too focused on Pan-African issues Army seized power in 1966 First free elections in 2000
Kenya British settlers in northern highlands resisted independence mvt Jomo Kenyatta (educated in Britain) led resistance Kenyatta supported Pan-African movement
Mau Mau Secret society of Kikuyu farmers who lost land to British settlers Tried to frighten white settlers and kill livestock Turned to guerrilla war tactics
British sent in troops from 1952-1960 -Official British numbers: 11,000 rebels killed while 32 whites died -Kenyan Human Rights Commission claims: 90,000 Kenyans executed, tortured or maimed (BBC) Mau Mau were also brutal --example: raid on village Lari while men were off fighting on behalf of British; Mau Mau killed 70 people, mostly women and children
Challenges in Kenya Kenyatta became first president and was able to keep ethnic groups unified Succeeded after death by Daniel arap Moi, leader from 1978-2002, who was accused of corruption Ethnic conflicts killed hundreds Elections in 2002 Growing prosperity, but also problems with Somalia and al Shabaab (mall shooting?)
Congo Belgian colony given freedom in 1960 Congo divided internally: Patrice Lumumba democratically elected prime minister Gave speech about humiliations and exploitation of colonial system that scared Western nations
Province of Katanga (rich in copper and uranium) wanted to secede, led by Moise Tshombe CIA gave money and support to Lumumba s opponents Lumumba betrayed and handed over to Tshombe, who had him beaten, tortured and shot Tshombe overthrown in 1965 by Mobutu Sese Seko (one of Lumumba s betrayers) changed name of country to Zaire
Mobutu looted mineral wealth while leaving the people poor, but held power for 32 years US supported him as anti-communist Congo still struggling with instability
Rwanda Belgium had given status to Tutsi ethnic group over Hutu majority Given freedom from Belgium in 1962 New democratic government gave power to Hutus Ethnic violence broke out between these groups several times over next few decades
Genocide In 1994, Hutu extremists led a genocide of Tutsis and of Hutu moderates. Over one million people were killed
Algeria French colony with one million colonists About nine million Arab and Berber natives Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) led movement French used force to maintain power (beginning in 1945) and FLN led guerilla resistance
Algeria gained independence in 1962 Most of the French settlers left New nation struggled to modernize In 1988, Islamic militants rioted against secular government Civil War broke out in early 1990s
Angola Portuguese colony no school system or health facilities; only limited commerce Independence movement began in 1960s Portugal sent 50,000 troops Withdrew in 1975 but without establishing a new government
Internal fighting between MPLA (Communist, helped by Cuba and USSR) FNLA (helped by US and Zaire/Congo) UNITA (helped by US and South Africa) War ended in 2002
Why do you think so many African nations struggled to achieve stability after independence?
