Ceramic Fourth Class: Glass and Ceramic Fabrication and Processing Overview
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
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f
G
l
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G
l
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C
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Soda
and
lime
are
added
to
a
glass
batch
in the form of soda
ash
(Na2CO3) and
limestone
(CaCO3).
During
heating, these
two
ingredients
decompose to give
off
carbon
dioxide
(CO2),
the resulting products
being
soda
and
lime.
Compute
the
weight
of
soda ash and
limestone that
must
be
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
added
to
125
lbm
of
quartz
(SiO2)
to
2
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a
g
e
yield a
glass
of
composition
78
wt%
SiO2, 17 wt% Na2O, and 5 wt%
CaO.
What is
the
distinction
between
glass
transition temperature
and
melting
temperature?
Compare the
temperatures
at which
soda– lime, borosilicate,
96% silica,
and
fused
silica may be
annealed.
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
Compare
the softening points
for
96%
silic
a
,
bo
rosilicate,
a
n
d
s
o
d
a
–l
i
me
glasses.
Explain
why residual
thermal
stresses
are
introduced
into a glass piece
when it is
cooled.
Are
thermal stresses introduced
upon
heating?
Why
or
why
not?
3
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e
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
Borosili
c
ate
gla
s
ses
a
n
d
f
us
e
d
silica
are
resistant
to
thermal shock.
Why
is
this
so?
In your
own words,
briefly
describe
what
happens as
a glass piece
is
thermally
tempered.
Glass
pieces
may
also
be
strengthened
by chemical tempering.
With this procedure, the
glass
surface
is put in a state of compression
by
exchanging
some
of the
cations
near
4
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g
e
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
the
surface
with other cations
having
5
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a
g
e
a
larger
diameter.
Suggest
one
type
of
c
a
ti
o
n
t
h
at,
by
r
e
pla
c
i
ng
N
a
+,
will
induce
chemical tempering
in
a
soda–
Processing
of
Clay
lime
glass.
Fabricat
i
o
n
and
Products
Cite the
two desirable
characteristics
of clay
minerals
relative to
fabrication
processes.
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
From a molecular perspective,
briefly
explain
the
mechanism
by which
clay
min
e
r
als
become
h
y
d
r
o
plast
i
c
w
hen
water
is
added.
What are the
three
main
components
of a whiteware
ceramic such as
porcelain?
What
role
does each
component play
in
the
forming
and
firing
procedures?
6
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e
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
Why
is
it
so
important
to
control
the
rate of drying of a
ceramic
body
that
has
been
hydropl
a
stic
a
l
l
y
fo
r
med
or
slip
cast?
Cite
three
factors that
influence
the
rate of
drying, and explain how each
affects
the
rate.
Cite one
reason
why drying
shrinkage
is greater for slip
cast
or
hydroplastic
products that have
smaller
clay
particles.
7
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e
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
Name
three
factors that
influence
the
degree to
which vitrification occurs
in
claybased ceramic
wares.
Explain how
density, firing
distortion,
strength, corrosion resistance, and
thermal
conductivity
are
affected
by
the
extent of
vitrification.
8
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e
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
P
o
w
d
e
r
P
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
9
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Some
ceramic
materials
are
fabricated
by
h
ot
isostatic
p
ressing.
Cite
so
m
e
of
the
limitat
i
o
n
s
and
diff
i
c
u
lt
ie
s
assoc
i
ated
wi
t
h
this
technique.
D
E
S
I
G
N
P
R
O
B
L
E
M
modern
kitchen
Some
o
f
o
u
r
cookware
is
m
a
de
of
ceramic
materia
l
s.
CERAMIC- FOURTH
CLASS
Li
s
t
at
least
three
imp
o
r
t
ant
characteristics required
of a material
to be
used
for
this
application.
Make a comparison of three
ceramic
materials as
to their
relative
properties
and, in addition,
to
cost.
On
the
basis of this
comparison,
select
the material most suitable for
the
cookware.
Written by
Assist.
Lec
Athil S.
Ibrahim
A
l
l
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
10
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g
e
The Ceramic Fourth Class covers topics such as glass and glass ceramic fabrication, composition calculations, thermal properties of different glasses, introduction of thermal stresses in glass pieces, resistance to thermal shock, thermal tempering processes, clay mineral characteristics, whiteware ceramics components, and factors influencing the rate of drying in ceramics.
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Presentation Transcript
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass Ceramics Soda and lime are added to a glass batch in the form of soda ash (Na2CO3) and limestone (CaCO3). During heating, these two ingredients decompose to give off carbon dioxide (CO2), the resulting products being soda and lime. Compute the weight of soda ash and limestone that must be 1| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS added to 125 lbm of quartz (SiO2) to yield a glass of composition 78 wt% SiO2, 17 wt% Na2O, and 5 wt%CaO. What is the distinction between glass transition temperature and melting temperature? Compare the temperatures at which soda lime, borosilicate, 96% silica, and fused silica may be annealed. 2| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Compare the softening points for96% silica, borosilicate, and soda lime glasses. Explain why residual thermal stresses are introduced into a glass piece when it is cooled. Are thermal stresses introduced upon heating? Why or why not? 3| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Borosilicate glasses and fused silica are resistant to thermal shock. Why is this so? In your own words, briefly describe what happens as a glass piece is thermally tempered. Glass pieces may also be strengthened by chemical tempering. With this procedure, the glass surface is put in a state of compression by exchanging some of the cations near 4| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS the surface with other cations having a larger diameter.Suggestone type of cation that, by replacing Na+, will induce chemical tempering in asoda lime glass. Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products Cite the two desirable characteristics of clay minerals relative to fabrication processes. 5| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS From a molecular perspective, briefly explain the mechanism by which clay minerals become hydroplastic when water is added. What are the three main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain? What role does each component play in the forming and firing procedures? 6| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Why is it so important to control the rate of drying of a ceramic body that has been hydroplastically formed or slip cast? Cite three factors that influence the rate of drying, and explain how each affects the rate. Cite one reason why drying shrinkage is greater for slip cast or hydroplastic products that have smaller clay particles. 7| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Name three factors that influence the degree to which vitrification occurs in claybased ceramic wares. Explain how density, firing distortion, strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity are affected by the extent of vitrification. 8| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS Powder Pressing Some ceramic materials are fabricated by hot isostatic pressing. Cite some of the limitations and difficulties associated with this technique. DESIGN PROBLEM Some of our modern kitchen made of ceramic cookware is materials. 9| P a g e
CERAMIC- FOURTH CLASS List at least three important characteristics required of a material to be used for this application. Make a comparison of three ceramic materials as to their relative properties and, in addition, to cost. On the basis of this comparison, select the material most suitable for the cookware. Written by Assist. Lec Athil S. Ibrahim All the best 10| P a g e
