Applied and Descriptive Ethics in Practical Scenarios
Applied ethics:
Applied ethics:
Applied ethics
is a field of ethics that
deals
deals
with
ethical questions
ethical questions
specific to a
Professional
Professional
,
Disciplinary
Disciplinary
, or
Practical field
Practical field
.
Or
Deals with difficult moral questions and controversial
moral issues that people actually face in their real lives
Examples: the moral issues regarding…
•
Abortion
Abortion
•
Euthanasia
Euthanasia
•
Giving to the poor
Giving to the poor
•
Sex before marriage
Sex before marriage
•
Death penalty
Death penalty
•
Gay/Lesbian marriage
Gay/Lesbian marriage
•
War tactics
War tactics
•
Censorship
Censorship
•
so-called
so-called
“white lies”
“white lies”
etc.
etc.
A
lie
lie
that is
told
told
in order to be polite or
to
stop
stop
someone from being
upset
upset
by the
truth.
truth.
P
P
hilosophers
hilosophers
who study applied ethics
look
look
to the
w
w
orld
orld
around them and
analyze
analyze
the ethical
p
p
roblems
roblems
they
find
find
.
By doing so, the applied ethicist is able to
u
u
se
se
p
p
hilosophy
hilosophy
as a
tool
tool
to
address
address
important
moral
moral
i
i
ssues
ssues
in various
practical
practical
disciplines.
Applied ethics is the
actual application
actual application
of
ethical
ethical
theory
theory
for the
purpose
purpose
of
choosing
choosing
an
ethical
ethical
action
action
in a given issue.
There are generally two approaches taken in
applied ethics.
The first is to apply ethical principles such as
utilitarianism
and
deontological ethics
to each
issue or question.
The second is to generate a situation-based
conversation that uses multiple ethical theories.
Utilitarianism
, where the practical consequences of
various policies are evaluated on the assumption that
the right policy will be the one which results in the
greatest happiness
greatest happiness
.
Advantages:
Stresses promotion of
happiness
happiness
and
utility
utility
.
Disadvantages:
Ignores
Ignores
concerns of
justice
justice
for the
minority
minority
population.
population.
Utilitarianism Example:
•
The use of torture in interrogation.
•
A utilitarian would consider any action justified if it
benefits the greatest number of people. they would
hold the view that a criminal or prisoner of war,
could be tortured and have his/her rights violated, if
doing so would for instance, provide intelligence
information that could make the majority of people
safer.
•
The Basic Idea of Utilitarianism :
The Greatest Happiness Principle
Deontological ethics
, planning based on 'rules' i.e.
that there is a commitment to perform the 'right'
action, regardless of actual consequences.
Advantages:
Stresses the role of duty and respect for persons.
Disadvantages:
Underestimate the importance of happiness and
social utility.
Example:
Human rights should be respected for all
people; applied universally.
Major subfields
Applied ethics can be found in almost all kinds of
professional fields or social practices.
While
medical ethics
,
environmental ethics
,
business ethics
, and
legal ethics
are major
subfields.
Applied ethics is found in
human rights, war, media, communication, sports,
human rights, war, media, communication, sports,
academic research, publication, and other areas
academic research, publication, and other areas
.
Business ethics
Business ethics
examines ethical principles and
moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment or economic activities.
Business ethics also discusses ethical question in
marketing, accounting, labor including child labor and
marketing, accounting, labor including child labor and
abusive labor practices, human resource management,
abusive labor practices, human resource management,
political contributions, business acquisitions such as
political contributions, business acquisitions such as
hostile take-overs, production, use of toxic material,
hostile take-overs, production, use of toxic material,
intellectual property, information management
intellectual property, information management
including information leak, and others.
including information leak, and others.
Legal ethics
Legal ethics refers to an ethical code governing the conduct of people
engaged in the practice of law.
In the United States, for example, the American Bar Association has
promulgated model rules that have been influential in many jurisdictions.
The model rules address the
client-lawyer relationship
, duties of a lawyer
as
advocate
in adversary proceedings, dealings
with persons other than
clients
,
law firms and associations
,
public service
,
advertising
, and
maintaining the integrity of the profession
.
Respect of client confidences, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in
statements to others, and professional independence are some of the
defining features of legal ethics.
American law schools are required to offer a course in professional
responsibility, which encompasses both legal ethics and matters of
professionalism that do not present ethical concerns.
Environmental ethics
Environmental ethics is the part of environmental
philosophy which considers the ethical relationship
between human beings and the natural environment. It
put forth influence on a large range of disciplines
including law, sociology, theology, economics, ecology and
geography.
Some of the main topics are global warming, pollution, and
issues are closely tied to those of poverty, sustainability,
and economic and social justice. Furthermore, since
environmental problems often affect beyond the
boundaries of nation-states, the issues are tied to the fields
of international relations and global governance.
Medical ethics and Bioethics
Medical ethics deals with study of moral values and judgments
as they apply to medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical
ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings
as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology,
and sociology. Medical ethics shares many principles with
other branches of healthcare ethics, such as nursing ethics.
Medical ethics tends to be understood narrowly as an applied
professional ethics, whereas bioethics appears to have worked
more expansive concerns, touching upon the philosophy of
science and the critique of biotechnology and life science.
Still, the two fields often overlap and the distinction is more a
matter of style than professional consensus. Some topics
include abortion, cloning, euthanasia, eugenics, and others.
•
Descriptive ethics
is sometimes referred to as
comparative ethics because so much activity can
involve comparing ethical systems:
C
omparing the ethics of the past to the present,
C
omparing the ethics of one society to another and
C
omparing the ethics which people claim to follow
with the actual rules of conduct which do describe
their actions.
What is descriptive ethics?
•
Descriptive ethics is a form of practical research into
the attitudes of individuals or groups of people.
•
Research into descriptive ethics may also investigate
people's ethical ideals or what actions societies
reward or punish in law or politics.
Summed up:
•
Meta Ethics:
Focuses on the
nature
nature
of morality.
•
Normative Ethics:
Focuses on the
Content
Content
of
morality.
•
Applied Ethics:
Focuses on the
Application
Application
of
morality.
•
Descriptive Ethics:
Focuses on
how
how
people behave.
Applied ethics focuses on ethical questions in real-life situations and professions, addressing controversial issues like abortion, euthanasia, and more. Philosophers in this field analyze moral problems using ethical theories such as utilitarianism and deontological ethics to make ethical decisions based on consequences and principles.
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Presentation Transcript
Applied & Descriptive Ethics
Applied ethics: Applied ethics is a field of ethics that deals with ethical questions specific to a Professional, Disciplinary, or Practical field. Or Deals with difficult moral questions and controversial moral issues that people actually face in their real lives
Examples: the moral issues regarding Abortion Euthanasia Giving to the poor Sex before marriage Death penalty Gay/Lesbian marriage War tactics Censorship so-called white lies etc.
A lie that is told in order to be polite or to stop someone from being upset by the truth.
Philosophers who study applied ethics look to the world around them and analyze the ethical problems they find. By doing so, the applied ethicist is able to use philosophy as a tool to address important moral issues in various practical disciplines.
Applied ethics is the actual application of ethical theory for the purpose of choosing an ethical action in a given issue. trolley
There are generally two approaches taken in applied ethics. utilitarianism and deontological ethics to each issue or question. The first is to apply ethical principles such as The second is to generate a situation-based conversation that uses multiple ethical theories.
Utilitarianism, where the practical consequences of various policies are evaluated on the assumption that the right policy will be the one which results in the greatest happiness. Advantages: Stresses promotion of happiness and utility. Disadvantages: Ignores concerns of justice for the minority population.
Utilitarianism Example: The use of torture in interrogation. A utilitarian would consider any action justified if it benefits the greatest number of people. they would hold the view that a criminal or prisoner of war, could be tortured and have his/her rights violated, if doing so would for instance, provide intelligence information that could make the majority of people safer. The Basic Idea of Utilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle
Deontological ethics, planning based on 'rules' i.e. that there is a commitment to perform the 'right' action, regardless of actual consequences. Advantages: Stresses the role of duty and respect for persons. Disadvantages: Underestimate the importance of happiness and social utility. Example: Human rights should be respected for all people; applied universally.
Major subfields Applied ethics can be found in almost all kinds of professional fields or social practices. While medical ethics, environmental ethics, business ethics, and subfields. legal ethics are major Applied ethics is found in human rights, war, media, communication, sports, academic research, publication, and other areas.
Business ethics Business ethics examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment or economic activities. Business ethics also discusses ethical question in marketing, accounting, labor including child labor and abusive labor practices, human resource management, political contributions, business acquisitions such as hostile take-overs, production, use of toxic material, intellectual property, information including information leak, and others. management
Legal ethics Legal ethics refers to an ethical code governing the conduct of people engaged in the practice of law. In the United States, for example, the American Bar Association has promulgated model rules that have been influential in many jurisdictions. The model rules address the client-lawyer relationship, duties of a lawyer as advocate in adversary proceedings, dealings with persons other than clients, law firms and associations, public service, advertising, and maintaining the integrity of the profession. Respect of client confidences, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in statements to others, and professional independence are some of the defining features of legal ethics. American law schools are required to offer a course in professional responsibility, which encompasses both legal ethics and matters of professionalism that do not present ethical concerns.
Environmental ethics Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers the between human beings and the natural environment. It put forth influence on a large range of disciplines including law, sociology, theology, economics, ecology and geography. Some of the main topics are global warming, pollution, and issues are closely tied to those of poverty, sustainability, and economic and social justice. Furthermore, since environmental problems often boundaries of nation-states, the issues are tied to the fields of international relations and global governance. ethical relationship affect beyond the
Medical ethics and Bioethics Medical ethics deals with study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. Medical ethics shares many principles with other branches of healthcare ethics, such as nursing ethics. Medical ethics tends to be understood narrowly as an applied professional ethics, whereas bioethics appears to have worked more expansive concerns, touching upon the philosophy of science and the critique of biotechnology and life science. Still, the two fields often overlap and the distinction is more a matter of style than professional consensus. Some topics include abortion, cloning, euthanasia, eugenics, and others.
Descriptive ethics is sometimes referred to as comparative ethics because so much activity can involve comparing ethical systems: Comparing the ethics of the past to the present, Comparing the ethics of one society to another and Comparing the ethics which people claim to follow with the actual rules of conduct which do describe their actions.
What is descriptive ethics? Descriptive ethics is a form of practical research into the attitudes of individuals or groups of people. Research into descriptive ethics may also investigate people's ethical ideals or what actions societies reward or punish in law or politics.
Summed up: Meta Ethics: Focuses on the nature of morality. Normative Ethics: Focuses on the Content of morality. Applied Ethics: Focuses on the Application of morality. Descriptive Ethics: Focuses on how people behave.
