Animal Distribution on Earth
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A
NIMAL
E
XTENSION
ON
E
ARTH
Výukový materiál EK 01 - 17
Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková
Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
Zoogeogra
phy
is the science that studies the
distribution of animals on Earth
„Border field“
BIOSPHERE
Zoogeography studies this
The biosphere is the part of the planet Earth,
which is populated by living organisms
BIOSPHERE
IS
DIVIDED
INTO
Biocycles marine
freshwater
continental
Animals live here in a different way
.
R
ANGES
Range -
the geographical area within which
species can be found
Definition of ranges– a
set of all environmentally
suitable habitats
Habitats – a random occurrence of individuals
Habitat – the
area that meets the environmental
requirements of animals
and
can be
marked
on
the map
R
ANGES
The
ranges
of each species varies
The s
ize of
ranges
is given by
:
historical factors
the ability of species to spread
ecological valence
HISTORICAL
FACTORS
In continental glaciation– disappearance of
thermophilic species
In continental warming –
cold-species
transmission
to
the north
T
HE
ABILITY
OF
THE
SPECIES
TO
SPREAD
Organisms spread : actively
passively
Active component– ability of active movement–
most developed in birds.
Passive component – air, water current, contact
hosts – microorganisms, spores, parasitic
organisms …
ECOLOGICAL
VALENCE
Important for the formation of
ranges
The
range
of any kind is not uniform
Survival conditions are optimal in certain parts
and
worse in
other
parts
Species with wide ecological
valence
inhabit
larger
ranges.
T
HE
LARGEST
RANGES
ARE
Cosmopolitan ranges –
Often it is
connected with
the species that
can be found
near human
settlements
- synanthropic species , which:
Eating stocks – a rat
Eating plants –gypsy moth
Parasitizing – louse
O
THER
BIG
R
ANGES
:
Circumtropical –
Occup
ies
the 2-4 tropical
continents such as tapir
ranges
Circumpolar –
in the Arctic area such as Arctic
fox
S
MALL
RANGES
AND
M
ICRORANGES
T
here
are
only a few a
nimals with large
ranges
Most species inhabit
small ranges and
„microranges“.
R
ANGES
CHANGE
arise
vanish
crumble
ENDEMIC
RANGE
certain animals are found only in a particular
place - in
an
endemic
range
These are called endemism, such as kiwi occurs
only in New Zealand
C
ONTINENTAL
B
IOCYCLE
We divide it into six major geographical regions
that are approximately the same as the
continents
.
Australian region
Ethiopian region
Indomalayan region
Latin American region
Nearctic region
Palearctic region
W
ORKSHEETS
-
REVISION
Why
is
zoogeography referred to as
a
borderline
field?
What is the biosphere?
How can it be divided?
The size of the range is determined by
….
What is an endemic
range
? Please provide some
examples.
S
OURCES
:
BRANIŠ, Martin.
Základy ekologie a ochrany
životního prostředí
. 2. vyd. Praha:
Informatorium, 1999. ISBN 80-86073-52-1.
PAPÁČEK, Miroslav a kol.
Zoologie
. Praha:
pedagogické nakladatelství, 2000, ISBN 80-7183-
203-0.
KVASNIČKOVÁ, Danuše.
Základy ekologie
.
Praha: Scientia,spol.s r.o., 1994, ISBN 80-85827-
84-0
Zoogeography studies the distribution of animals on Earth within the biosphere, which is divided into marine, freshwater, and continental biocycles. The ranges of species vary based on historical factors and their ability to spread, influenced by ecological valence. Understanding these concepts helps explain the diversity and adaptation of animals in different habitats.
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Presentation Transcript
ANIMAL EXTENSION ON EARTH V ukov materi l EK 01 - 17 Tv rce: Ing. Marie Jir kov Tv rce anglick verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal Projekt: S anglick m jazykem do dal ch p edm t Registra n slo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancov n ESF a SR R
ZOOGEOGRAPHY Zoogeography is the science that studies the distribution of animals on Earth Border field
BIOSPHERE Zoogeography studies this The biosphere is the part of the planet Earth, which is populated by living organisms
BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO Biocycles marine freshwater continental Animals live here in a different way.
RANGES Range - the geographical area within which species can be found Definition of ranges a set of all environmentally suitable habitats Habitats a random occurrence of individuals Habitat the area that meets the environmental requirements of animals and can be marked on the map
RANGES The ranges of each species varies The size of ranges is given by : historical factors the ability of species to spread ecological valence
HISTORICAL FACTORS In continental glaciation disappearance of thermophilic species In continental warming cold-species transmission to the north
THE ABILITY OF THE SPECIES TO SPREAD Organisms spread : actively passively Active component ability of active movement most developed in birds. Passive component air, water current, contact hosts microorganisms, spores, parasitic organisms
ECOLOGICAL VALENCE Important for the formation of ranges The range of any kind is not uniform Survival conditions are optimal in certain parts and worse in other parts Species with wide ecological valence inhabit larger ranges.
THE LARGEST RANGES ARE Cosmopolitan ranges Often it is connected with the species that can be found near human settlements - synanthropic species , which: Eating stocks a rat Eating plants gypsy moth Parasitizing louse
OTHER BIG RANGES: Circumtropical Occupies the 2-4 tropical continents such as tapir ranges Circumpolar in the Arctic area such as Arctic fox
SMALL RANGES AND MICRORANGES There are only a few animals with large ranges Most species inhabit small ranges and microranges .
RANGES CHANGE arise vanish crumble
ENDEMIC RANGE certain animals are found only in a particular place - in an endemic range These are called endemism, such as kiwi occurs only in New Zealand
CONTINENTAL BIOCYCLE We divide it into six major geographical regions that are approximately the same as the continents. Australian region Ethiopian region Indomalayan region Latin American region Nearctic region Palearctic region
WORKSHEETS - REVISION Why is zoogeography referred to as a borderline field? What is the biosphere? How can it be divided? The size of the range is determined by . What is an endemic range? Please provide some examples.
SOURCES: BRANI , Martin. Z klady ekologie a ochrany ivotn ho prost ed . 2. vyd. Praha: Informatorium, 1999. ISBN 80-86073-52-1. PAP EK, Miroslav a kol. Zoologie. Praha: pedagogick nakladatelstv , 2000, ISBN 80-7183- 203-0. KVASNI KOV , Danu e. Z klady ekologie. Praha: Scientia,spol.s r.o., 1994, ISBN 80-85827- 84-0
