Adulteration in Drugs and Food Industry
LADI ALIK KUMAR
ASST PROFESSOR,
SOP, CUTM, RAYAGADA
undefined
Adulteration
is
a
practice
of
substituting
original
crude
drug
partially
or
whole
with
other
similar
looking
substances
but
the
latter
is
either
free
from
or
inferior in
chemical
and
therapeutic
properties.
O
R
A
d
u
l
t
er
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
i
m
p
l
e
w
o
r
d
s
i
s
t
h
e
debasement
of
an
article.
OR
Adulteration
is
broadly
defined
as
admixture
or
substitution
of
original
or
genuine
article/
d
r
u
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
f
e
ri
o
r,
d
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
r
o
t
h
e
rw
i
s
e
useless
or
harmful
substances.
ADULTRANT
:
The
adulterant
must
be
some
material
which
in
both
cheap
and
available
in
fairly
large
amounts.
1.
Deliberate
(
Intentional
)
adulteration
2.
Accidental
(
In-deliberate)
adulteration
Deliberate
adulteration
–
Are
normally
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
m
ai
n
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
enhancement
of
profits
1.
Scarcity
of
the
drug
2.
The
high
price
of
the
drug
in
the
market,
eg:
Clove,
Cinnamon,
Cardamom
3
.
I
t
i
s
v
e
ry
c
o
m
m
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
a
ba
n
d
drugs
e.g.
Opium
The
term
'adulteration'
or
debasement
of
an
article
covers
a
number
of
conditions,
which
may
be
deliberate
or
accidental
.
Inferiority
is
a
natural
substandard
condition
(
e.g.
where
a
crop
is
taken
whose
natural
constituent
is
below
the
minimum
standard
for
that
particular
drug
)
which
can
be
avoided
by
more
careful
selection
of
the
plant
material.
Spoilage
p
ro
d
u
c
ed
i
s
a
s
ub
s
t
a
n
d
a
rd
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
b
y
m
i
c
ro
bi
a
l
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
p
e
s
t
infestation,
which
makes
a
product
unfit
for
consumption,
which
can
be
avoided
by
careful
attention
to
the
drying,
and
storage
conditions.
Deterioration
is
an
impairment
of
the
quality
or
value
of
an
article
due
to
destruction
or
abstraction
of
valuable
constituents
by
bad
treatment
or
aging
or
to
the deliberate
extraction
of
the
constituents
and
the
sale
of
the
residue
as
the
original
drugs.
Admixture
is
the
addition
of
one
article
to
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
gh
carelessness
e.g.
a
cc
i
d
e
n
t
,
i
g
n
o
r
a
n
c
e
o
r
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
il
o
n
a
n
u
n
d
e
rg
ro
u
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
-
c
o
ll
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
two
similar
species.
Sophistication
is
the deliberate
addition
of
spurious
or
inferior
material
with
intent
to
defraud;
such
materials
are
carefully
produced
and
may
appear
at
first
sight
to
be
genuine
e.g.
powder
ginger
may
be
diluted
with
starch
with
addition
of
little
coloring
material
to
give
the
correct
shade
of
yellow
colour
.
Substitution
is
the
addition
of
an entirely
different
article
in
place
of
that
which
is
required
e.g.
supply
of
cheap
cottonseed
oil
in
place
of
olive
oil.
Different
methods
used
for
adulteration
may
be
grouped
as
follows:
1.
Substitution
with
Inferior
Commercial
Varieties
Due
to
morphological
resemblance
to
the
authentic
drugs,
different
inferior
commercial
varieties
are
used
as
adulterant
which
may
or
may
not
have
any
chemical
or
therapeutic
potential
as
that
original
natural
drug
E.g.
Arabian
Senna
(
Cassia
angustifolia
)
and
dog
Senna
(
Cassia
obovata
)
have
been
used
to
adulterate
Senna
(
Cassia
senna)
E.g.
Japanese
ginger
(
Zingiber
mioga
)
to
adulterate
medicinal
ginger
(
Zingiber
officinale
).
2.
Adulteration
by
Artificially
Manufactured
Substitutes
To
provide
the
general
form
and
appearance
of
various
drugs,
some
materials
are
artificially
manufactured and
are
used
as
substitute
of
the
original
one.
E
.g.
artificial
invert
sugar
for
honey;
paraffin
wax
after
yellow
coloration
substituted
for
bees
wax.
3.
Substitution
by
Exhausted
Drugs
Here
the
same
plant
material
is
mixed
which
is
having
no
active
medicinal
components
as
they
have
already
been
extracted
out.
This
practice
is
most
common
in
case
of
volatile
oil
containing
materials
like
clove,
fennel
etc.,
where
the
dried
exhausted
material
resembles
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
l
i
ke
o
ri
g
i
n
a
l
d
r
u
g
(
s
i
m
i
l
ar
l
y
w
i
t
h
drugs
like
Cascara
sagrada
and
ginger).
Sometimes
when
coloring
matters
have
been
extracted or
removed
during
exhaustion,
the
residue
is
re-colored
with
artificial
dyes
as
is
done
with
saffron
and
red
rose
petals.
4.
Substitution
by
Superficially
Similar
but
Cheaper
Natural
Substances
Usually
here
the
adulterated
product
has
no
relation
with
the
genuine
article,
may
or
may
not
have
any
therapeutic
or
chemical
component
desired,
e.g.
leaves
of
species
-
Ailanthus
are
substituted
for
belladonna,
senna,
mint
etc.;
Leaves
of
Xanthium
P
h
y
t
o
l
a
c
c
a
a
n
d
S
c
o
p
o
l
i
a
f
o
r
f
o
r
Leaves
of
belladona;
s
tr
a
m
o
n
i
u
m
a
nd
d
a
n
d
e
l
i
o
n
f
o
r
h
e
n
b
a
n
e
;
Indian
dill
with
European
dill
or
caraway
etc.
5
.
A
d
u
l
t
e
ra
t
i
o
n
b
y
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
W
o
rt
h
l
e
ss
Heavy
Materials
A
large
mass
of
stone
mixed
with
Liquorice
ro
o
t
,
p
i
e
c
e
s
o
f
l
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
a
re
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
a
s
a
f
o
e
t
i
d
a
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
s
h
o
t
h
a
s
o
c
c
u
rr
e
d
i
n
pieces
of
opium
etc.
6.
Addition
of
Synthetic
Principles
Sometimes
to
fortify
inferior
natural
products,
s
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
re
a
dd
e
d
e
.
g
.
a
dd
i
ng
c
i
tr
a
l
t
o
o
il
o
f
l
e
m
o
n
;
b
e
n
z
y
l
b
e
n
z
o
a
t
e
to
balsam
of
Peru
etc.
7.
Usage
of
Vegetative
Matter
from
the
Same
Plant
This
is
done
by
mixing
adventitious
matters
or
naturally
occurring
with
the
drug
in
excessive
amount
or
parts
of
plant
other
than
that
which
constitutes
the
drugs.
For
example
liver
warts
and
epiphytes
g
ro
w
i
n
g
i
n
b
a
r
k
p
o
rti
o
n
ar
e
m
i
x
e
d
w
i
t
h
C
a
s
c
a
ra
o
r
C
i
n
c
h
o
n
a
;
s
t
e
m
s
o
f
bu
c
h
u
a
re
sometimes
cut
into
short
lengths
and
added
to
the
drug.
•
A
natural
substance
is
considered as
food if
it fills stomach
in every day life
without
any harmful
effect.
•
A substance
become
drug if
it change
a
pathological or disease state
of
human/animal
to
normal physiological
condition
having no undesirable
effect in specific
dose.
•
A
long-term
studies (chemical,
biological
and
physical etc)
are
required
to
establish
whether
a
substance
will be
considered as drug
or food or
eliminate
for
consumption.
Those studies
are
referred
as
evaluation.
Evaluation
of
drug means
–
•
Identification
•
Determination of
quality
•
Determination of
purity
Evaluation of Drugs:
The identification can
be
established
by
careful observational study
of
the
collected
drug, and then compared with authentic specimen by the
collector.
Therefore,
for
proper
identification
of a
drug
from
plant
or
animal
sources,
a collector
must be
educated about
plant taxonomy
and
very
much
experienced
with his/her
job.
Therefore,
drugs
from
plants/animals
are
identified by
–
o
A qualified, specialized
& experienced
personnel
o
Comparison
with the authentic
sample
specimen.
In
every
country,
there
is a
national
herbarium
where
most of
plants
specimen
are
preserved. A number
of specialists
are
working
on plant
identification
there.
Ident
i
fication
•
The
word
“quality”
refers
to the intrinsic value of the
drug, i.e.,
the
amount
of
medicinal
principles or active
constituents present. These
principles
are
classified
as
carbohydrate,
alkaloid, glycoside,
volatile oil,
lipid, antibiotics and
steroids
etc.
•
A
high grade
of
quality in
a
drug is
of primary
importance.
An
effort should be
made to obtain and maintain high
quality.
•
To
maintain high quality
products
one should do the
following:
1.
Select
proper source (wild
or
cultivated)
2.
Appropriate
time of
collection
3.
Collection
of
required
parts
of
plants
(bark,
leaf,
stem,
rhizome,
root)
4.
Preparation
of the
collected
drug by
proper
cleaning,
drying.
5.
Proper preservation
to avoid
contamination
by
microorganisms
and
moisture,
heat,
air and
light.
Quality
•
The purity of drug can be
achieved
by
–
1.
Proper
identification
2.
Quality
assurance.
Purity
•
The
eval
u
ation
o
f
a
drug
invo
l
v
e
s
a
n
u
mb
e
r
of methods, which may be classified as
follows:
1.
Organoleptic
2.
Microscopic
3.
Biological
4.
Chemical
5.
Physical
Evaluation
Method
•
Organoleptic evaluation
means the study of a drug with the help of organs of
sense.
•
It
includes
any
drug’s
macroscopic or external appearance,
color,
odor,
taste
&
sounds of
its
fracture etc.
•
The macroscopic
or
external
characteristic
of a drug may be divided into 7
headings
-
1.
Shape
2.
Size
3.
Color
4.
Fracture
&
internal
color
5.
Odor
6.
Taste
1.
Organoleptic evaluation of
drug
Microscopic
evaluation
of
drug
can
be
done
in
the
labor
a
t
o
ry
by
the
use
of
m
ic
r
o
scop
e
s
and
util
i
z
e
s various
microscopic
characters of the
drugs,
such as types and arrangement of various
cells
and tissues.
2.
Microscopic
evaluation
of
drug
•
Chemical evaluation of drugs
involves
both
qualitative
and
quantitative
determination
of
their
active
principles.
•
In this method
characteristic qualitative chemical tests
are
employed
to
identify crude
drugs and
their
constituents.
3.
Chemical
evaluation
of
drug
•
The
biological
evaluation of crude drugs is
very useful
in
determining the pharmacological activity of the
drug.
•
Since
living
organism or
their isolated living
tissues
are
used,
this method is also called the
biological
method or
bioassay.
•
Many
drugs, particularly
the
antibiotics, toxins and
toxoids
and also vitamines
are
assayed by this
method.
4.
Biological
evaluation
of
drug
The
physical evaluation of
crude
drugs
is
accomplished by
the
determination
of
various
physical
characteristics using
various
physico-chemical
techniques, for example,
specific gravity (of
fats
and
volatile oils),
melting points
(of alkaloids), optical
rotation
(of
alkaloid and volatile oils),
etc.
5.
Physical
evaluation
of
drug
Adulteration is the deceptive practice of substituting original substances with inferior or harmful ones. Deliberate and accidental adulteration can lead to health risks and financial gains. Different types of adulterants, reasons for adulteration, and ways to prevent it are discussed in this informative content.
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Presentation Transcript
LADI ALIK KUMAR ASST PROFESSOR, SOP, CUTM, RAYAGADA
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. OR
Adulteration in s imple words is the debasement of an article. OR Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmfulsubstances.
ADULTRANT: The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap and available in fairly large amounts.
1. Deliberate ( Intentional ) adulteration 2. Accidental ( In-deliberate) adulteration Deliberate adulteration Are normally commercial mainly with the intention of enhancement of profits
1. Scarcity of the drug 2. The high price of the drug in the market, eg: Clove, Cinnamon, Cardamom 3. It is very common with the contraband drugs e.g. Opium
The term 'adulteration' or debasement of an article covers a number of conditions, which may be deliberate or accidental.
Inferiority is a natural substandard condition (e.g. where a crop is taken whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard for that particular drug) which can be avoided by more careful selection of the plant material.
Spoilage is a s ubs tandard condition produced by microbial or other pes t infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption, which can be avoided by careful attention to the drying, and storage conditions.
Deterioration is an impairment of the quality or value of an article due to destruction or abstraction of valuable constituents by bad treatment or aging or to the deliberate extraction of the constituents and the sale of the residueasthe originaldrugs.
Admixture another is the addition of one article to through accident, ignorance or carelessness e.g. inclus ion of s oil on an underground organ or the co-collection of two similarspecies.
Sophistication is the deliberate addition of spurious or inferior material with intent to defraud; such materials produced and may appear at first sight to be genuine e.g. powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow colour. are carefully
Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in place of that which is required e.g. supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil.
Different methods used for adulteration may be grouped asfollows: 1. Substitution with Varieties Due to morphological resemblance authentic drugs, different inferior commercial varieties are used asadulterant which may or may not have any chemical or therapeutic potential asthat original naturaldrug Inferior Commercial to the
E.g. Arabian Senna (Cassia angustifolia ) and dog Senna (Cassia obovata ) have been used to adulterate Senna(Cassiasenna) E.g. Japanese ginger ( Zingiber mioga ) to (Zingiber adulterate medicinal ginger officinale).
Adulteration Substitutes To provide the general form and appearance of by Artificially Manufactured 2. variousdrugs, somematerials are artificially manufactured and are used as substitute of the original one. E.g. artificial invert sugar for honey; paraffin wax after yellow coloration substituted for beeswax.
3.Substitution by ExhaustedDrugs Here the same plant material ismixed which is having no active medicinal components as they have already beenextracted out. This practice is most common in case of volatile oil containing materials like clove,fennel etc.,
where the dried exhausted material resembles the s ame like original drug (s imilarly with drugs like Cascara sagrada and ginger). Sometimes when coloring matters have been extracted or removed during exhaustion, the residue is re-colored with artificial dyes as is donewith saffronand red rosepetals.
4. Substitution by Superficially Similar but CheaperNatural Substances Usually here the adulterated product has no relation with the genuine article, may or may not have any therapeutic or chemical component desired,
Ailanthus e.g. leaves of species - are substituted for belladonna, senna, mint etc.; Leaves of Phytolacca and S copolia for belladona; Xanthium Leaves of for s tramonium and dandelion for henbane; Indian dill with European dill or carawayetc.
5. Adulteration by Addition of Worthless Heavy Materials A large mass of stone mixed with Liquorice root, pieces of limestone are found in as afoetida and lead s hot has occurred in pieces of opium etc.
6. Addition of SyntheticPrinciples Sometimes to fortify inferior natural products, synthetic principles are added e.g. adding citral to oil of lemon; benzyl benzoate to balsam of Peruetc.
7. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the Same Plant This isdone by mixing adventitious matters or naturally occurring with the drug in excessive amount or parts of plant other than that whichconstitutesthe drugs.
For growing in bark portion are mixed with example liver warts and epiphytes Cas cara or Cinchona; stems of buchu are sometimes cut into short lengths and added to thedrug.
Evaluation of Drugs: A natural substance is considered as food if it fills stomach in every day life without any harmful effect. A substance become drug if it change a pathological or disease state of human/animal to normal physiological condition having no undesirable effect in specific dose. A long-term studies (chemical, biological and physical etc) are required to establish whether a substance will be considered as drug or food or eliminate for consumption. Those studies are referred as evaluation. Evaluation of drug means Identification Determination of quality Determination of purity
Identification The identification can be established by careful observational study of the collected drug, and then compared with authentic specimen by the collector. Therefore, for proper identification of a drug from plant or animal sources, a collector must be educated about plant taxonomy and very much experienced with his/her job. Therefore, drugs from plants/animals are identified by A qualified, specialized & experienced personnel o Comparison with the authentic sample specimen. o In every country, there is a national herbarium where most of plants specimen are preserved. A number of specialists are working on plant identification there.
Quality The word quality refers to the intrinsic value of the drug, i.e., the amount of medicinal principles or active constituents present. These principles are classified as carbohydrate, alkaloid, glycoside, volatile oil, lipid, antibiotics and steroids etc. A high grade of quality in a drug is of primary importance. An effort should be made to obtain and maintain high quality. To maintain high quality products one should do the following: Select proper source (wild or cultivated) Appropriate time of collection Collection of required parts of plants (bark, leaf, stem, rhizome, root) Preparation of the collected drug by proper cleaning, drying. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proper preservation to avoid contamination by microorganisms and moisture, heat, air and light.
Purity The purity of drug can be achieved by 1. Proper identification 2. Quality assurance.
Evaluation Method The of methods, which may be classified as follows: evaluation of a drug involves a number 1. Organoleptic 2. Microscopic 3. Biological 4. Chemical 5. Physical
1. Organoleptic evaluation of drug Organoleptic evaluation means the study of a drug with the help of organs of sense. It includes any drug s macroscopic or external appearance, color, odor, taste & sounds of its fracture etc. The macroscopic or external characteristic of a drug may be divided into 7 headings - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Shape Size Color Fracture & internal color Odor Taste
2. Microscopic evaluation of drug Microscopic evaluation of drug can be done in the laboratory by the use of microscopes and utilizes various microscopic characters of the drugs, such as types and arrangement of various cells and tissues.
3. Chemical evaluation of drug Chemical evaluation of drugs involves both qualitative and quantitative determination of their active principles. In this method characteristic qualitative chemical tests are employed to identify crude drugs and their constituents.
4. Biological evaluation of drug The biological evaluation of crude drugs is very useful in determining the pharmacological activity of the drug. Since living organism or their isolated living tissues are used, this method is also called the biological method or bioassay. Many drugs, particularly the antibiotics, toxins and toxoids and also vitamines are assayed by this method.
5. Physical evaluation of drug The physical evaluation of crude drugs is accomplished by the determination of various physical characteristics using various physico-chemical techniques, for example, specific gravity (of fats and volatile oils), melting points (of alkaloids), optical rotation (of alkaloid and volatile oils), etc.
