Addressing Low Fertility and Work-Life Balance Policies
The Role of Statistics in relation to the
WLB Policy and it’s Implementation
12 Nov. 2013
Seung-Ah Hong(KWDI)
International Seminar on Gender Statistics 2013
Introduction: Degeneration of Low Fertility
The Dual-Earner Family and WLB
Work-Life Balance among Korean Men
and Women
WLB Policy: Focused on the Parental Leave
Some Suggestions
Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction:
Degeneration of
Low Fertility
D
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
Is there a possible connection between policies of parenthood and
fertility?
Low fertility
as a
universal social problem
Many countries struggle to respond to the low fertility with family and
gender policies
Recent Policy Agenda focused on
WLB of working parents, especially
young generation
Low fertility shares its roots with WLB
•
No desire to
childbirth
•
Childrearing
difficulty
•
Childcare cost
•
Child meaning
Low
Fertility
Childbirth
Childcare Cost
Child meaning
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
(
T
F
R
,
1
9
7
0
~
2
0
1
0
)
Korean society has witnessed a drastic fall in the fertility rates
over the past four decades.
source: Statistics Korea
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
L
a
b
o
r
M
a
r
k
e
t
Women’s labour market participation has remained below 50% for
the past two decades
source: Statistics Korea
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
o
F
a
m
i
l
y
Family structure is shrinking, while
nuclear families is increasing
rapidly
Nuclear families divided into smaller structures, such as elderly
couples, or one-person households
source: Statistics Korea
Ⅱ. Dual-Earner Family
and WLB
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
L
i
s
b
o
n
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
(
E
U
)
Participation of women in economic activities is indispensable for a
sustainable development and growth.
Noticeable change at present is that women’s childbirth and
childrearing is no longer affecting women attaining a lifetime
employment.
Dual-earner families contribute to household finance and are effective
in reducing child poverty (Esping-Anderson, 2002).
L
a
c
k
o
f
c
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
-
“
C
a
r
e
-
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
”
Women’s responsibility of childreaing causes a fatal influence on
women’s economic activities such as career interruption, vulnerable
situation in the labour market.
The young generation emphasises their work as life-long task and
need several ways the can get the Balance btn work and family life.
WLB is an increasingly important issue nowadays, especially for
working parents and potential parents.
D
u
a
l
-
e
a
r
n
e
r
F
a
m
i
l
y
a
n
d
W
L
B
W
F
B
W
o
r
k
-
F
a
m
i
l
y
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
P
o
l
i
c
y
W
o
r
k
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
“Social policy for supporting working parents as it helps parents
with young children reconcile both their work and family life”
For women, by alleviating childrearing burden on a family, they
can maintain their career.
For men, it provides the opportunity and time to participate in
childrearing.
•
Availability of service
•
Affordability of service
•
Access of service
•
Reduction of Working Time
•
Flexible Working Time
•
Part-time work
•
Maternity Leave
•
Parental Leave
•
Paternity Leave
•
Family Care Leave
Ⅲ. Work-Life Balance
among Korean Men
and Women
Interviewees
•
Employees who are
taking care of children
under 12 years
Countries& firms
•
Sweden, UK, Korea
•
Wholesale/retail
Service and IT industry
Sample
•
Sweden(413)
•
UK(400)
•
Korea(800)
Time
•
2009. 6. ~ 8
•
face to face interview
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
W
L
B
i
n
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
t
h
e
U
K
a
n
d
K
o
r
e
a
(
H
o
n
g
,
e
t
c
.
,
2
0
0
9
)
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
T
i
m
e
a
n
d
F
a
m
i
l
y
T
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
D
u
a
l
-
E
a
r
n
e
r
s
C
o
u
p
l
e
s
(
H
o
n
g
&
K
i
m
,
2
0
1
1
)
C
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a
n
g
e
s
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
’
s
w
o
r
k
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
source: Statistics Korea
Working Life and Family Life
Paid/unpaid wor
king hours
Division of Dom
estic work
Family Time
paid work
paid work
caring children
caring children
cooking and domesti
cooking and domesti
c work
c work
Responsibilities of
Responsibilities of
cooking and
cooking and
housework
housework
family time on weekdays
family time on weekdays
Numbers of dinner with
Numbers of dinner with
family members
family members
P
a
i
d
a
n
d
U
n
p
a
i
d
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
H
o
u
r
s
o
f
W
o
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k
e
r
s
i
n
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
t
h
e
U
K
a
n
d
K
o
r
e
a
•
People would like to make the balance between working
and family life.
•
The working hours was divided into paid and unpaid
working hours.
•
Men work more hours in the labour market but less hours
at home than women.
•
Women work more hours at home but less hours in the
labour market than men
.
Caring & helping
children with their study
Cooking &
other housework
Sweden
Korea
UK
Paid and Unpaid Working Hours of Workers
in Sweden, the UK and Korea
UK
Korea
Sweden
Cooking &
other housework
Cooking &
other housework
Cooking &
other housework
Cooking &
other housework
Cooking &
other housework
Caring & helping
children with their study
Caring & helping
children with their study
Caring & helping
children with their study
Caring & helping
children with their study
Caring & helping
children with their study
G
e
n
d
e
r
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
l
a
b
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
•
If the burden of childrearing and housework is concentrated on one
side, it provides the structural environment to incur women’s job
interruption.
•
Comparing the gender division of three countries, Swedish workers are
equally sharing the housework, Korean workers show the most
unequal division of labour between men and women.
•
These are the main factors that discourage women’s possibility of WLB.
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
F
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
m
e
source: Hong, et al.(2009)
source: Hong & Kim(2011)
F
a
m
i
l
y
T
i
m
e
The appropriate amount of time to share with family is
indispensable to make the
harmony between work and family.
Swedish workers spent more than four hours a day with family,
while British and Korean workers answered that they spent more
than 2 hours but less than 4 hours per day with their family.
Also, it is important that how many times do they have
dinner with
their family members at home
. The results notify that Korean
workers are suffering from not only the lack of time to share with
family but also the poor conditions to make chance to be with their
family.
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
F
a
m
i
l
y
L
i
f
e
:
d
a
y
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
d
i
n
n
e
r
w
i
t
h
f
a
m
i
l
y
source: Hong, et al.(2009)
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
W
o
r
k
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
s
b
y
w
o
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k
i
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
Source: Hong & Kim (2011)
Ⅳ . WLB Policy
: focused
on the Parental Leave
P
o
l
i
c
y
f
o
r
W
o
r
k
-
F
a
m
i
l
y
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
:
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
L
e
a
v
e
Korea's work-family balance policy has two characteristics:
Firstly, social interest in work-family balance and policy concerns
started to develop later than other OECD countries.
Secondly, nevertheless, the development and introduction of the
system have been accelerated
.
•
1
y
e
a
r
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
c
a
r
e
l
e
a
v
e
t
o
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
e
n
t
(
2
0
0
8
)
•
C
h
i
l
d
c
a
r
e
l
e
a
v
e
(
<
6
y
e
a
r
s
)
(
2
0
0
8
)
•
F
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
u
s
a
g
e
(
2
0
0
8
)
•
P
a
t
e
r
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
v
e
(
2
0
0
7
)
•
F
l
a
t
r
a
t
e
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
→
P
r
o
r
a
t
a
p
a
y
(
2
0
1
0
)
P
o
l
i
c
y
f
o
r
W
o
r
k
-
F
a
m
i
l
y
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
:
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
L
e
a
v
e
Maternity leave, childcare leave, paternity leave and family care
leave
implemented after the revision of policies in 2001.
Since several revision, the law
offers the flexible options
for
working parents, one-year leave,
the right to shorten work hours
for childcare,
pro rata
paying system
, etc.
In spite of the rapid policy development, the number of workers
using the leave policy has been on a steady rise.
P
o
l
i
c
y
f
o
r
W
o
r
k
-
F
a
m
i
l
y
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
:
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
L
e
a
v
e
U
s
a
g
e
s
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
l
e
a
v
e
b
y
g
e
n
d
e
r
source: Ministry of Employment and Labor
unit: persons, days
U
s
a
g
e
s
o
f
M
a
t
e
r
n
i
t
y
/
C
h
i
l
d
c
a
r
e
L
e
a
v
e
b
y
g
e
n
d
e
r
source: Ministry of Employment and Labor
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
L
e
a
v
e
:
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
,
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
s
a
g
e
source:
Hong, et al.(2009)
•
public aid recipients
•
public aid recipients
•
Public aid recipients
•
low-income family
•
children of single-
parents
•
children of
single-parents
•
children of
disabled parents
•
•
low-income family
1991
2004
2005
2010
•
children of
disabled parents
•
multi-cultural family
•
working parents
C
h
i
l
d
c
a
r
e
P
o
l
i
c
y
unit: %
<Figure> Change of the childrens’ rates who benefit public-fund
Notes: rates=
source: Statistics Korea, Ministry of Health and Welfare
C
h
i
l
d
c
a
r
e
P
o
l
i
c
y
P
o
l
i
c
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
t
’
s
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
Four points
1)
Korea was relatively late in paying social and policy attention on
reconciliation of work and family
2)
Rapid policy development within short period
3)
Korean policies also experienced the same path as other
countries
4)
The remaining problem we have to solve is to encourage and
strengthen the policy implementation
Ⅴ. Some
Suggestions
W
o
m
e
n
’
s
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
W
L
B
•
When we move on to the women’s employment, the importance of
WLB should be emphasized.
•
WLB policies might be policies to support women’s labour market
attachment by providing supports to their pregnancy, childbirth and
childcare.
•
The Swedish WLB policies have two pillars: the Swedish welfare
model and gender equality.
•
The UK case, although the UK cannot be told as a country with
developed WLB, the government has provided the foundation of
WLB such as flexible working hours, part-time employment, etc.
S
o
m
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
There should be a role of statistics to show how many women are
interrupting their jobs due to childcare, especially in relation to the
childrens’ age, the number of children, etc.
(Example)
Women’s Employment rate by the number of children, the age of the
youngest children, etc.
Women’s Interrupting Rates and the rate of returning
their
jobs
The Change of the Job Status due to their job interruption
There should be a role division and sharing responsibility between
government and businesses.
Sweden
Parental Insurance: Deals with related finance issues and
administration process
Firms: Allow
time-off for employees and alternative
human resource can be employed in short-term
S
o
m
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
In order to
settle
parental leave system, socio-cultural change is necessary.
To encourage the use of parental leave, business culture and social environ
ment is important.
In case of Korea,
“
5 working days per week
”
,
which is enforced since 2004, should be more widely applied to form
the foundation of parental leave system
S
o
m
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
Procedural effort
to induce corporate participation and cooperation is needed
To the extent the market accepts, a strategy for creating measures
concerning coexistence of both work and family life are needed.
In England recently, in order to motivate work-family balance policy,
the government is encouraging voluntary participation of businesses,
rather than imposing heavy restriction
S
o
m
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
Roles and attitudes of business are also important
According to research conducted by European countries
Tactical
opposition of businesses and employers makes it difficult to take a
parental leave
Employees also point out that long working hour is the biggest obstacle
(Stancanelli, 2003; Sundstrom & Duvander, 2000).
Research in Korea also shows that at a firms’ viewpoint family-friendly re
cruitment policy reduces cost of recruiting and maintaining human resour
ces, and also has other advantages such as increasing employee’s job s
atisfaction(Kim, 2001).
S
o
m
e
S
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
Thank You
The International Seminar on Gender Statistics 2013 delved into the interconnectedness between low fertility rates and work-life balance policies. The decline in childbirth desires, challenges in child rearing, and rising childcare costs have contributed to a universal social issue of low fertility. The seminar explored the impact of family and gender policies on addressing this demographic challenge, particularly focusing on the role of work-life balance policies for working parents. It also highlighted the changes in labor market participation and family structures that influence fertility rates.
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Presentation Transcript
International Seminar on Gender Statistics 2013 The Role of Statistics in relation to the WLB Policy and it s Implementation 12 Nov. 2013 Seung-Ah Hong(KWDI)
Contents 1 Introduction: Degeneration of Low Fertility 2 The Dual-Earner Family and WLB 3 and Women 3 4 4 5 1 2 Work-Life Balance among Korean Men WLB Policy: Focused on the Parental Leave 5 Some Suggestions
. Introduction: Degeneration of Low Fertility
Degeneration of decreasing fertility Is there a possible connection between policies of parenthood and fertility? Low fertility as a universal social problem Many countries struggle to respond to the low fertility with family and gender policies Recent Policy Agenda focused on WLB of working parents, especially young generation Low fertility shares its roots with WLB
No desire to childbirth Low Fertility Childbirth Childrearing difficulty Childrearing Childcare cost Childcare Cost Child meaning Child meaning
Demographic Changes(TFR, 1970~2010) Korean society has witnessed a drastic fall in the fertility rates over the past four decades. source: Statistics Korea
Changes in the Labor Market Women s labour market participation has remained below 50% for the past two decades source: Statistics Korea
Changes to Family Family structure is shrinking, while nuclear families is increasing rapidly Nuclear families divided into smaller structures, such as elderly couples, or one-person households source: Statistics Korea
. Dual-Earner Family and WLB
Background Lisbon Strategy(EU) Participation of women in economic activities is indispensable for a sustainable development and growth. Noticeable change at present is that women s childbirth and childrearing is no longer affecting women attaining a lifetime employment. Dual-earner families contribute to household finance and are effective in reducing child poverty (Esping-Anderson, 2002). Lack of care within family - Care-deficit
Dual-earner Family and WLB Women s responsibility of childreaing causes a fatal influence on women s economic activities such as career interruption, vulnerable situation in the labour market. The young generation emphasises their work as life-long task and need several ways the can get the Balance btn work and family life. WLB is an increasingly important issue nowadays, especially for working parents and potential parents.
WFB Work-Family Balance Policy Work-family balance policy Social policy for supporting working parents as it helps parents with young children reconcile both their work and family life For women, by alleviating childrearing burden on a family, they can maintain their career. For men, it provides the opportunity and time to participate in childrearing.
Three Pillars Childcare Policy Working Time Policy Leave Policy Availability of service Affordability of service Access of service Reduction of Working Time Flexible Working Time Part-time work Maternity Leave Parental Leave Paternity Leave Family Care Leave
. Work-Life Balance among Korean Men and Women
Working parents and WLB in Sweden, the UK and Korea (Hong, etc., 2009) Interviewees Countries& firms Employees taking care of children under 12 years who are Sweden, UK, Korea Wholesale/retail Service and IT industry Survey Time Sample 2009. 6. ~ 8 face to face interview Sweden(413) UK(400) Korea(800)
Working Time and Family Time of the Dual-Earners Couples (Hong & Kim, 2011) Cases : 1,500 persons Working parents who care children under 13 yrs Period Cases 2011.3.25-3.31 Survey Region Methods Region Methods Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Inchon, Gwangju, Daejun, Ulsan Web Survey
Changes of womens work attitudes 1988 1998 2009 60 55.9 50 40 30.4 27.6 30 24.6 23.9 23.5 17.8 17.5 16.7 20 14.0 10.8 10.4 8.5 8.0 10 4.0 0 devote for family work before marriage work after child- raising before marriage and after child- raising work continuously source: Statistics Korea
Working Life and Family Life Time Balance Paid/unpaid wor king hours Division of Dom estic work Family Time paid work caring children cooking and domesti c work Responsibilities of cooking and housework family time on weekdays Numbers of dinner with family members
Paid and Unpaid Working Hours of Workers in Sweden, the UK and Korea People would like to make the balance between working and family life. The working hours was divided into paid and unpaid working hours. Men work more hours in the labour market but less hours at home than women. Women work more hours at home but less hours in the labour market than men.
Paid and Unpaid Working Hours of Workers in Sweden, the UK and Korea 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Cooking & other housework Caring & helping children with their study Paid work Sweden Male Cooking & other housework Caring & helping children with their study UK Paid work Cooking & other housework Caring & helping children with their study Korea Paid work Caring & helping children with their study Cooking & other housework Paid work Sweden Female Caring & helping children with their study Cooking & other housework Paid work UK Caring & helping children with their study Cooking & other housework Paid work Korea
Gender division of labor in the household If the burden of childrearing and housework is concentrated on one side, it provides the structural environment to incur women s job interruption. Comparing the gender division of three countries, Swedish workers are equally sharing the housework, Korean workers show the most unequal division of labour between men and women. These are the main factors that discourage women s possibility of WLB.
Working time and Family time (Unit : minutes) Man 501.53 56.43 30.94 Woman 499.68 111.90 95.28 Paid work childcare Domestic work source: Hong, et al.(2009) source: Hong & Kim(2011)
Family Time The appropriate amount of time to share with family is indispensable to make the harmony between work and family. Swedish workers spent more than four hours a day with family, while British and Korean workers answered that they spent more than 2 hours but less than 4 hours per day with their family. Also, it is important that how many times do they have dinner with their family members at home. The results notify that Korean workers are suffering from not only the lack of time to share with family but also the poor conditions to make chance to be with their family.
Comparison of Family Life: days having dinner with family 100 (Unit: %) Sweden UK Korea 81.1 80 67.8 60 44.3 40 28.3 23.3 16.6 14 20 6.5 6.4 4.5 3.9 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.2 0 Mostly 2-3 times 3-4 times 1-2 times Almost none everyday per week per month per month source: Hong, et al.(2009)
Preferred Work Schedules by working parents and their children Source: Hong & Kim (2011)
. WLB Policy : focused on the Parental Leave
Policy for Work-Family Balance: Parental Leave Korea's work-family balance policy has two characteristics: Firstly, social interest in work-family balance and policy concerns started to develop later than other OECD countries. Secondly, nevertheless, the development and introduction of the system have been accelerated.
Policy for Work-Family Balance: Parental Leave Parental Leave 2007 ~ 1988 ~ 2006 1 year of Childcare leave to each parent (2008) Eligibility for men to use child care leave(1995) 1953 ~ 1987 Childcare leave (<6 years) (2008) Introduction of maternity leave (1953) Flexibility in usage(2008) Paid maternity/ childcare leave (2001) Introduction of unpaid childcare leave (<1 year) (1987) Paternity leave (2007) Childcare leave (<3 years) Flat rate payment Pro rata pay (2010)
Policy for Work-Family Balance: Parental Leave Maternity leave, childcare leave, paternity leave and family care leave implemented after the revision of policies in 2001. Since several revision, the law offers the flexible options for working parents, one-year leave, the right to shorten work hours for childcare, pro rata paying system, etc. In spite of the rapid policy development, the number of workers using the leave policy has been on a steady rise.
Usages of parental leave by gender unit: persons, days 2005 2010 2012 women men women men women men users 10,492 208 40,913 819 62,279 1,790 ratio 98.1% 1.9% 98.1% 1.9% 97.2% 2.8% average days 211 185 281 240 289 238 source: Ministry of Employment and Labor
Usages of Maternity / Childcare Leave by gender source: Ministry of Employment and Labor
Parental Leave: Perception, Implementation, Usage source: Hong, et al.(2009)
Childcare Policy 1991 2010 2004 2005 Public aid recipients public aid recipients public aid recipients children of single- parents low-income family low-income family children of single-parents children of disabled parents children of disabled parents multi-cultural family working parents
Childcare Policy unit: % <Figure> Change of the childrens rates who benefit public-fund No. of children benefit public-fund(0~4 ) Notes: rates= (0~4 ) source: Statistics Korea, Ministry of Health and Welfare
Policy development and its Implementation Four points 1) Korea was relatively late in paying social and policy attention on reconciliation of work and family 2) Rapid policy development within short period 3) Korean policies also experienced the same path as other countries 4) The remaining problem we have to solve is to encourage and strengthen the policy implementation
Womens work and WLB When we move on to the women s employment, the importance of WLB should be emphasized. WLB policies might be policies to support women s labour market attachment by providing supports to their pregnancy, childbirth and childcare. The Swedish WLB policies have two pillars: the Swedish welfare model and gender equality. The UK case, although the UK cannot be told as a country with developed WLB, the government has provided the foundation of WLB such as flexible working hours, part-time employment, etc.
Some Suggestions There should be a role of statistics to show how many women are interrupting their jobs due to childcare, especially in relation to the childrens age, the number of children, etc. (Example) Women s Employment rate by the number of children, the age of the youngest children, etc. Women s Interrupting Rates and the rate of returning their jobs The Change of the Job Status due to their job interruption
Some Suggestions There should be a role division and sharing responsibility between government and businesses. Sweden Parental Insurance: Deals with related finance issues and administration process Firms: Allow time-off for employees and alternative human resource can be employed in short-term
Some Suggestions In order to settle parental leave system, socio-cultural change is necessary. To encourage the use of parental leave, business culture and social environ ment is important. In case of Korea, 5 working days per week , which is enforced since 2004, should be more widely applied to form the foundation of parental leave system
Some Suggestions Procedural effort to induce corporate participation and cooperation is needed To the extent the market accepts, a strategy for creating measures concerning coexistence of both work and family life are needed. In England recently, in order to motivate work-family balance policy, the government is encouraging voluntary participation of businesses, rather than imposing heavy restriction
Some Suggestions Roles and attitudes of business are also important According to research conducted by European countries Tactical opposition of businesses and employers makes it difficult to take a parental leave Employees also point out that long working hour is the biggest obstacle (Stancanelli, 2003; Sundstrom & Duvander, 2000). Research in Korea also shows that at a firms viewpoint family-friendly re cruitment policy reduces cost of recruiting and maintaining human resour ces, and also has other advantages such as increasing employee s job s atisfaction(Kim, 2001).
