Adaptations of Aquatic Specimens, with a Focus on Sea Snakes
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Hydrophis
Habitat / Food source
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Most are extensively adapted to a fully aquatic life and are
unable to move on land.
They feed on small fish and occasionally young octopus.
They are typically found in Indo-Australian
and Southeast Asian waters. Currently,
around 36
species
are recognized.
Most species of sea snakes are able to
respire through the top of their skin.
Habitat / Food source
An aquatic animal faces challenges not encountered by its
terrestrial counterparts, promoting adaptive responses in
multiple traits.
For example, a thicker dermis might protect snakes when they
are pushed against sharp objects by water currents, and might
enable a snake to shed fouling organisms attached to its skin.
We thus predicted that marine snakes should have thicker skin
than terrestrial species.
Live mainly in waters less than 30 metres (about 100
feet) deep, as they must dive to the seafloor to obtain
their
food
among
coral reefs
, among
mangroves
, or on
the
ocean
bottom. Some species prefer hard bottoms
(corals), while others prefer soft bottoms (mud or
sand
)
in which to hunt their prey.
Most sea snakes feed upon
fishes
of various sizes and
shapes, including
eels
.
Hydrophis
specializes in
burrowing eels.
Body structure
sea snake have paddle-like tails and laterally compressed
body that give them an
eel
-like appearance.
Unlike fish, they do not have
gills
and must surface regularly
to breathe.
M
ost sea snakes are completely aquatic and have adapted to
sea environments in many ways, the most characteristic of
which is a paddle-like tail that has improved their swimming
ability.
This has often caused the
ventral scales
to become
reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the
adjoining scales.
Their lack of ventral scales means they have become
virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their
entire lifecycles at sea, they have no need to leave the
water.
Auatic adaptation features
In
adaptation
to marine life, true sea snakes have a flattened
body with a short
tail
, valvular nostrils on top of the snout,
and elongated
lungs
that extend the entire length of the body.
Their
scales
are very small and usually not overlapping
(juxtaposed), abutting against one another like paving stones.
The belly scales are reduced in size in the primitive species,
whereas in the more advanced forms they are absent.
As a result, the advanced species cannot crawl and are
thus helpless on land.
When
swimming
, a keel is formed along part of the belly,
increasing surface area and aiding propulsion, which
occurs by lateral undulation.
Sea snakes can remain submerged for several hours,
possibly as much as eight or more. This remarkable feat
is partly due to the fact that they can
breathe
through
their
skin
.
•
More than 90 percent of waste
carbon dioxide
and
33 percent of their
oxygen
requirement can be
transported via cutaneous respiration.
•
Moreover, a 2019 study of the blue-banded sea
snake (or annulated sea snake,
Hydrophis
cyanocinctus
) found a highly vascularized area
between the snout and the top of the head, which
allows oxygen to be transported directly from the
water to the snake’s
brain
.
Labeo
Habitat / Food source
L
a
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C
y
p
r
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n
i
d
a
e
.
They are found in freshwater habitats in
the
tropics
and
subtropics
of Africa and Asia.
Body structure
Labeos are larger, and have a more
spindle
-
shaped body, as they are mostly free-
swimming.
Their mouths look very different, too; they
have a pronounced rostral cap, which covers
the upper lip except when feeding.
•
The lips are expanded into thick,
sausage
-
shaped pads which
have
keratinized
edges.
•
The genus name
Labeo
is
Latin
for "one
who has large lips".
Thank you
Aquatic specimens, particularly sea snakes of the subfamily Hydrophiinae, exhibit fascinating adaptations for their fully aquatic lifestyle. These marine snakes are uniquely adapted for life in the sea, with specialized features such as paddle-like tails, compressed bodies, and the ability to respire through their skin. They face challenges distinct from terrestrial animals and have evolved traits like thicker skin to thrive in their underwater habitats, primarily found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters.
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Presentation Transcript
Aquatic Aquatic specimens specimens adaptations adaptations
Hydrophis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Subfamily: Hydrophiinae Genus: Hydrophis
Habitat / Food source Sea snakes, or coral reef snakes, are a subfamily of venomous elapid snakes, the Hydrophiinae, that inhabit marine environments for most or all of their lives. Most are extensively adapted to a fully aquatic life and are unable to move on land. They feed on small fish and occasionally young octopus.
They are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 36 species are recognized. Most species of sea snakes are able to respire through the top of their skin.
Habitat / Food source An aquatic animal faces challenges not encountered by its terrestrial counterparts, promoting adaptive responses in multiple traits. For example, a thicker dermis might protect snakes when they are pushed against sharp objects by water currents, and might enable a snake to shed fouling organisms attached to its skin. We thus predicted that marine snakes should have thicker skin than terrestrial species.
Live mainly in waters less than 30 metres (about 100 feet) deep, as they must dive to the seafloor to obtain their food among coral reefs, among mangroves, or on the ocean bottom. Some species prefer hard bottoms (corals), while others prefer soft bottoms (mud or sand) in which to hunt their prey. Most sea snakes feed upon fishes of various sizes and shapes, including eels. Hydrophis specializes in burrowing eels.
Body structure sea snake have paddle-like tails and laterally compressed body that give them an eel-like appearance. Unlike fish, they do not have gills and must surface regularly to breathe. Most sea snakes are completely aquatic and have adapted to sea environments in many ways, the most characteristic of which is a paddle-like tail that has improved their swimming ability.
This has often caused the ventral scales to become reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales. Their lack of ventral scales means they have become virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their entire lifecycles at sea, they have no need to leave the water.
Auatic adaptation features In adaptation to marine life, true sea snakes have a flattened body with a short tail, valvular nostrils on top of the snout, and elongated lungs that extend the entire length of the body. Their scales are very small and usually not overlapping (juxtaposed), abutting against one another like paving stones. The belly scales are reduced in size in the primitive species, whereas in the more advanced forms they are absent.
As a result, the advanced species cannot crawl and are thus helpless on land. When swimming, a keel is formed along part of the belly, increasing surface area and aiding propulsion, which occurs by lateral undulation. Sea snakes can remain submerged for several hours, possibly as much as eight or more. This remarkable feat is partly due to the fact that they can breathe through their skin.
More than 90 percent of waste carbon dioxide and 33 percent of their oxygen requirement can be transported via cutaneous respiration. Moreover, a 2019 study of the blue-banded sea snake (or annulated sea snake, Hydrophis cyanocinctus) found a highly vascularized area between the snout and the top of the head, which allows oxygen to be transported directly from the water to the snake s brain.
Labeo Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Labeoninae Genus: Labeo
Habitat / Food source Labeo family Cyprinidae. They are found in freshwater habitats in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. is a genus of carps in the
Body structure Labeos are larger, and have a more spindle- shaped body, as they are mostly free- swimming. Their mouths look very different, too; they have a pronounced rostral cap, which covers the upper lip except when feeding.
The lips are expanded into thick, sausage- shaped pads which have keratinized edges. The genus name Labeo is Latin for "one who has large lips".
