Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Awareness
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY &
HOW TO AVOID
PLAGIARISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To gain a better understanding of what plagiarism is and
know how to avoid it, in particular, by:
•
Referencing properly
•
Developing good ways to paraphrase
•
Taking good notes
For more information see:
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/plagiarism.php
For information on academic integrity at Massey:
http://www.massey.ac.nz/?a59cf3326e
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Presenting the work of someone else, and saying it’s yours.
Plagiarism can apply to:
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The entire assignment
•
Certain paragraphs
•
Individual sentences
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Plagiarism is part of academic integrity
being
honest about your work
•
Includes not cheating in exams.
THE PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM
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For more info, see:
https://www.turnitin.com/resources/plagiarism-spectrum-2-0
(Turnitin, 2016)
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Different ways to plagiarise:
o
Submitting an entire assignment that someone else has written.
o
Copying and pasting paragraphs and sentences from somewhere
else.
o
Using your own work from a different essay.
•
Also different levels of intent
(Plagiarism spectrum from: Turnitin. (n.d).
White paper: The plagiarism spectrum. Instructor insights into the 10 types of
plagiarism.
http://pages.turnitin.com/plagiarism_spectrum.html)
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An online database used by some lecturers to match your
assignment against journal articles, books and other
assignments.
Turnitin produces an “originality report” indicating:
o
Where text in an assignment matches other text already in
Turnitin
o
What the source is
THREE SCENARIOS
What is and isn’t plagiarism?
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? #1
#
1
:
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Sarah was new to Massey. One of her friends, Emily, was a second year
student who had completed the same paper the year before. As she
was new and nervous about studying, Sarah asked Emily for help. Emily
gave Sarah a copy of her essay for the same paper, and unknown to
Emily, Sarah modelled her answer on it by copying large chunks of
information.
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(Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in chat
)
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#
1
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Sarah definitely plagiarized
•
But what about Emily?
•
Emily may also be penalized for collusion (students working
together to deceive)
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y
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Will range from a warning to receiving a zero mark, to being put
on the University Academic Misconduct Register (AMR)
•
Emily could also be put on the AMR
BUT: Helping is not plagiarism.
It is OK for Emily to discuss the assignment with Sarah, clarify what is
required, and help her formulate ideas.
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? #
2
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2
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Thomas found a lot of information for his assignment online. He felt he
was pushed for time, and wanted to do well, so he cut and pasted a lot
of the description and details from various websites into his essay. He
did say where he got his information (by using in-text citations), but he
used exact sentences and paragraphs without putting them in his own
words.
Is this plagiarism?
(Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in chat)
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#
2
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Definitely plagiarism
o
Information that is copied word for word from somewhere else must be
placed in quotation marks
o
It is preferable to paraphrase the information
o
If using three words in a row from somewhere else, paraphrase or put in
quotation marks
o
Even when paraphrasing, cite the source
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? # 3
#
3
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Taylor wrote her essay based on the notes she had taken from different
sources. She referenced some of the information, but couldn’t
remember where she got it all from. When she was taking notes, she
also mostly wrote down, word-for-word, what she had read, interspersed
with a few comments of her own. When she submitted her essay to
Turnitin, it came back with a high percentage of matches. Taylor was
distraught.
Was this plagiarism?
(Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in chat)
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#
3
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Yes. Inadvertent plagiarism is still plagiarism
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Taylor could have avoided this by taking better notes, so she
knows which are her own words, and which are from other
sources
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1.
Reference information correctly :
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When in doubt, cite sources
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2.
Paraphrase
–
(use your own words to explain ideas)
3.
Take good notes
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?
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Typically in-text citations in the body of your essay or report
look like this:
o
According to Smith (2011), the best source of…
o
… was the case (Smith, 2011).
o
According to Smith (2011), “the ultimate source is…” (p. 11).
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Whenever you use words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other
sources:
o
Copy exact words from book, journal articles, or other sources
(quotation)
o
Use an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven’t used their
exact wording (paraphrasing/summarizing)
•
Exception: if information is widely known, and is not disputed by anyone
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“Paraphrasing means to restate information using different
words” (OWLL, 2012)
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When you use your own words to explain what someone
else said
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1
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From a book or journal article that you want to re-write:
1.
Read the passage and write down about three words/concepts or
phrases.
2.
Close the book or journal article.
3.
Using those three words/concepts, re-write the information.
4.
Go back to the book/journal article and compare what you’ve
written to the original.
(Curtin University of Technology, 2011)
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…
(Source: De la Billiere, E. (2012, October 17). The last of the big cats.
The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/oct/17/animalwelfare.world)
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My example:
Three concepts: Saving tigers, poachers, Valmik Thapar
Paraphrase:
Preventing tigers from becoming extinct from the actions of
poachers has been a focus of Thapar’s work (de la Billiere, 2012).
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#
2
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From a book or journal article that you want to re-write:
1.
Use the author’s name in connection with the idea/s.
2.
Flip the sentence on its head: change the order of the ideas in
the sentence.
3.
Choose alternative phrases or synonyms for key ideas.
Remember: Re-state the whole sentence; don’t just replace
individual words
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.
•
Use the author’s name
•
Flip the sentence on its head
•
Choose some different words
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•
Write down three key words /
concepts
•
Re-write the information in your
own words
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My paraphrase example: …
As stated by de la Billiere (2012) greed, poverty, and an
unwillingness to seek new solutions are the three threats to the
survival of the tiger.
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…
Read enough of the text:
•
To ensure you do not take something out of context
•
Compare to the original to ensure that you have
paraphrased the sentence sufficiently, and
•
When using 3 or more words from the original, make sure to
put double quote marks around them
(e.g. “greed, poverty,
and lack of imagination”)
The Study Up Resource webpage
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#1 : Include
full reference details
of the article/book you’re reading
#2 : Write the
page number
down each time you take notes from different
pages of the same source
#
3
:
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your notes
#4 : Use a system to manage your reading material (e.g., folder, endnote
software, online management, digital note-taking software)
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:
•
Presenting the work of someone else, and saying it’s yours
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:
•
Referencing properly
•
Developing good ways to paraphrase
•
Taking good notes
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Need help? We have a range of free services to help
you with your assignment writing and study skills
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Uncover the nuances of plagiarism, academic integrity, and the plagiarism spectrum with insights from Massey University. Learn how to reference properly, avoid plagiarism, and understand different types of plagiarism such as clone, CTRL+C, Find-Replace, Remix, and Recycle. Enhance your knowledge on submitting original assignments and avoiding plagiarism pitfalls.
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STUDYUP: KNOWLEDGE TO GO ACADEMIC INTEGRITY & HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM Centre for Teaching and Learning Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
LEARNING OUTCOMES To gain a better understanding of what plagiarism is and know how to avoid it, in particular, by: Referencing properly Developing good ways to paraphrase Taking good notes For more information see: http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/plagiarism.php For information on academic integrity at Massey: http://www.massey.ac.nz/?a59cf3326e Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
What is it plagiarism? Presenting the work of someone else, and saying it s yours. Plagiarism can apply to: The entire assignment Certain paragraphs Individual sentences Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Plagiarism & Academic Integrity Plagiarism is part of academic integrity being honest about your work Includes not cheating in exams. Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
THE PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM Different types of plagiarism: #1 Clone: Submitting another s work, word for word, as one s own #2 CTRL+C: Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations CTRL + C #3 Find - Replace: Changing key words ans phrases but retaining the esential content of the source #4 Remix: Paraphrases form multiple sources, made to fit together #5 Recycle: Borrows generously from the writer's previous work without citation Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY For more info, see: https://www.turnitin.com/resources/plagiarism-spectrum-2-0 (Turnitin, 2016)
The Plagiarism Spectrum (continued) Different ways to plagiarise: o Submitting an entire assignment that someone else has written. o Copying and pasting paragraphs and sentences from somewhere else. o Using your own work from a different essay. Also different levels of intent (Plagiarism spectrum from: Turnitin. (n.d). White paper: The plagiarism spectrum. Instructor insights into the 10 types of plagiarism. http://pages.turnitin.com/plagiarism_spectrum.html) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Turnitin An online database used by some lecturers to match your assignment against journal articles, books and other assignments. Turnitin produces an originality report indicating: o Where text in an assignment matches other text already in Turnitin o What the source is Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
THREE SCENARIOS What is and isn t plagiarism? Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? #1 #1: Sarah Sarah was new to Massey. One of her friends, Emily, was a second year student who had completed the same paper the year before. As she was new and nervous about studying, Sarah asked Emily for help. Emily gave Sarah a copy of her essay for the same paper, and unknown to Emily, Sarah modelled her answer on it by copying large chunks of information. Did Sarah plagiarise? Did Emily plagiarise? (Write yes or no in chat) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
The verdict #1 Sarah definitely plagiarized But what about Emily? Emily may also be penalized for collusion (students working together to deceive) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Penalty Will range from a warning to receiving a zero mark, to being put on the University Academic Misconduct Register (AMR) Emily could also be put on the AMR BUT: Helping is not plagiarism. It is OK for Emily to discuss the assignment with Sarah, clarify what is required, and help her formulate ideas. Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? # 2 #2: Thomas Thomas found a lot of information for his assignment online. He felt he was pushed for time, and wanted to do well, so he cut and pasted a lot of the description and details from various websites into his essay. He did say where he got his information (by using in-text citations), but he used exact sentences and paragraphs without putting them in his own words. Is this plagiarism? (Write yes or no in chat) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
The verdict #2 Definitely plagiarism o Information that is copied word for word from somewhere else must be placed in quotation marks o It is preferable to paraphrase the information o If using three words in a row from somewhere else, paraphrase or put in quotation marks o Even when paraphrasing, cite the source Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
IS THIS PLAGIARISM? # 3 #3: Taylor Taylor wrote her essay based on the notes she had taken from different sources. She referenced some of the information, but couldn t remember where she got it all from. When she was taking notes, she also mostly wrote down, word-for-word, what she had read, interspersed with a few comments of her own. When she submitted her essay to Turnitin, it came back with a high percentage of matches. Taylor was distraught. Was this plagiarism? (Write yes or no in chat) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
The verdict #3 Yes. Inadvertent plagiarism is still plagiarism Taylor could have avoided this by taking better notes, so she knows which are her own words, and which are from other sources Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Three ways to avoid plagiarism Reference information correctly : 1. When in doubt, cite sources Make it clear who said what Paraphrase 2. (use your own words to explain ideas) Take good notes 3. Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Who said what? Typically in-text citations in the body of your essay or report look like this: o According to Smith (2011), the best source of o was the case (Smith, 2011). o According to Smith (2011), the ultimate source is (p. 11). Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
When to provide a reference? Whenever you use words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other sources: o Copy exact words from book, journal articles, or other sources (quotation) o Use an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven t used their exact wording (paraphrasing/summarizing) Exception: if information is widely known, and is not disputed by anyone Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
What is Paraphrasing? Paraphrasing means to restate information using different words (OWLL, 2012) When you use your own words to explain what someone else said Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
WAYS TO PARAPHRASE #1 FIRST WAY From a book or journal article that you want to re-write: 1. Read the passage and write down about three words/concepts or phrases. 2. Close the book or journal article. 3. Using those three words/concepts, re-write the information. 4. Go back to the book/journal article and compare what you ve written to the original. (Curtin University of Technology, 2011) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
How to paraphrase example Last of the big cats By Edward de la Billiere Valmik Thapar is credited with almost single-handedly saving the tiger from being wiped out by poachers. But his fight to preserve this extraordinary predator is far from over. And the real threats now are poverty, greed, and a lack of imagination. Write down about three key words/concepts from the first sentence, and (Source: De la Billiere, E. (2012, October 17). The last of the big cats. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/oct/17/animalwelfare.world) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Using three key words, try and re-write the information Original: Valmik Thapar is credited with almost single- handedly saving the tiger from being wiped out by poachers. My example: Three concepts: Saving tigers, poachers, Valmik Thapar Paraphrase: Preventing tigers from becoming extinct from the actions of poachers has been a focus of Thapar s work (de la Billiere, 2012). Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
WAYS TO PARAPHRASE #2 SECOND WAY From a book or journal article that you want to re-write: 1. Use the author s name in connection with the idea/s. 2. Flip the sentence on its head: change the order of the ideas in the sentence. 3. Choose alternative phrases or synonyms for key ideas. Remember: Re-state the whole sentence; don t just replace individual words Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
GIVE IT A GO Last of the big cats By Edward de la Billiere Valmik Thapar is credited with almost single-handedly saving the tiger from being wiped out by poachers. But his fight to preserve this extraordinary predator is far from over. And the real threats now are poverty, greed, and a lack of imagination(de la Billiere, 2012). Write down three key words / concepts Re-write the information in your own words Use the author s name Flip the sentence on its head Choose some different words OR Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Using those paraprashing methods Original: And the real threats now are poverty, greed, and a lack of imagination (de la Billiere, 2012). My paraphrase example: As stated by de la Billiere (2012) greed, poverty, and an unwillingness to seek new solutions are the three threats to the survival of the tiger. Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
When paraphrasing Read enough of the text: To ensure you do not take something out of context Compare to the original to ensure that you have paraphrased the sentence sufficiently, and When using 3 or more words from the original, make sure to put double quote marks around them (e.g. greed, poverty, and lack of imagination ) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
The Study Up Resource webpage https://owll.massey.ac.nz/about-OWLL/studyup-resources.php https://owll.massey.ac.nz/about- OWLL/studyup-resources.php https://owll.massey.ac.nz/about-OWLL/studyup-resources.php Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Top tips for note taking #1 : Include full reference details of the article/book you re reading #2 : Write the page number down each time you take notes from different pages of the same source #3 : When copying direct quotesconsider making them stand out in your notes #4 : Use a system to manage your reading material (e.g., folder, endnote software, online management, digital note-taking software) Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
Summary Plagiarism is: Presenting the work of someone else, and saying it s yours Avoid accidental plagiarism by: Referencing properly Developing good ways to paraphrase Taking good notes Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING Need help? We have a range of free services to help you with your assignment writing and study skills Individual Support: Want to discuss your assignment before you hand it in? Want to discuss study skills (e.g. how to manage time)? See next slide for booking information. Pre-Reading Service: Submit a draft assignment and receive individual written feedback on your assignment s structure, focus, referencing, and use of sources. This service is available to first year internal and all distance students. You can access the forum through the Academic Writing and Learning Support site on your Stream homepage. Workshops: Seminars and workshops are run on campus and online, which can help you with writing and study skills, such as essay writing, referencing, and writing research proposals. See here for programmes and registration details. See http://owll.massey.ac.nz/about-OWLL/workshops.php Academic Q+A forum: Ask our consultants a question about academic writing and/or study skills. The Q & A forum is a place for students to receive help with quick, study-related questions. You can access the forum through the Academic Writing and Learning Support site on your Stream homepage. OWLL: Information about academic writing and study skills, including assignment planning, essays, reports, and referencing. Go to http://owll.massey.ac.nz/index.php Disability Services: A range of services and support for students who have health and disability issues that are impacting their study. Pasifika@Massey: Whether studying as an internal or distance student, you can also access Learning support from the Pasifika Learning Advisors. Te Rau Tauawhi: Ko t Te Rau Tauawhi he whina i ng tauira M ori ki te tuku aromatawatai ki Te Reo M ori, ki te tautoko hoki i ng huatanga whakarite tuhinga. The Te Rau Tauawhi M ori Student Centre can help you to submit your assignment in Te Reo M ori and provide general assignment structure support. Massey University | massey.ac.nz | 0800 MASSEY
MASSEY UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR TEACHING & LEARNING http://ctl.massey.ac.nz/ CAMPUS LOCATIONS: Palmerston North - Manawatu: Centre for Teaching and Learning Student Centre Level 2, Manawatu Campus Phone: + 64 6 951 6540 Email: ctlman@massey.ac.nz We help students with Assignment writing advice Albany: Centre for Teaching and Learning Level 3, Library, Albany Campus Phone: + 64 9 212 7117 Email: ctlalb@massey.ac.nz Academic writing development Understanding assignment questions Citing and writing references Enhancing study skills, like: Wellington: Centre for Teaching and Learning Block 5, Ground Floor (Level A in the Library), Wellington Campus Phone: +64 4 801 5799 extn: 63389 Email: ctlwel@massey.ac.nz Reading techniques Notetaking Time management skills Critical thinking, reading & writing TO BOOK AN APPOINTMENT, GO TO: https://massey-nz.libcal.com/
