Oil discovery in Southwest Asia transformed the region's economy, with OPEC playing a key role in pricing. Primary products like oil and secondary goods influence the economy. Islam shapes the culture, while debates on Westernization persist.

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Westernization is the adoption of Western European practices and culture by societies worldwide, driven by colonization and globalization. It involves the imposition of Western norms, education systems, and values, leading to both acceptance and resistance. Key features include humanitarianism, equa

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Explore the deeply rooted melancholy intertwined with the history and identity of Istanbul. The excerpts delve into the city's transformation post the Ottoman Empire, personal reflections on fate, and the impact of westernization. Discover how Istanbul's melancholic aura shapes the narrator's perspe

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The period saw significant developments, including the Scientific Revolution emphasizing reason and systematic observation, leading to the expansion of scientific knowledge. Absolutism showcased monarchs' control, like Peter the Great's westernization of Russia and Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles.

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