Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that can result from various factors such as trauma, infarction, hemorrhages, or tumors. This condition can lead to increased morbidity and mortality due to hemorrhage or herniation. New advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral edema ha

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Degenerative spine disease is a prevalent condition affecting millions, leading to substantial healthcare costs. The anatomy and physiology of spine degeneration involve the three-joint complex theory. Pathologically, disc degeneration impacts the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis, contributing

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Lumbar puncture, also known as LP, is an invasive procedure used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This procedure has a long history dating back to ancient times, with modern techniques developed in the late 19th century by Heinrich Quincke. LP is crucial f

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Inguinal hernia is characterized by an abnormal protrusion of viscus or a part of it through a weak point in the abdominal wall. It involves the anatomy of the inguinal region, including the superficial and deep inguinal rings, inguinal canal boundaries, and defense mechanisms. The anatomical classi

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Perineal hernias are a common condition in uncastrated males but can also occur in females and cats. Weakness in the pelvic diaphragm can lead to herniation due to factors like hormonal disorders, prostatic diseases, and rectal issues. The symptoms include swelling in the perineal region, and diagno

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Explore the comprehensive guide on back pain, covering its causes, symptoms, and various treatment options available. Learn about conditions like sciatica, disc herniation, subluxation, and alternative therapies. Discover insights on nerve supply, less-known facts like nerve pain perception, and dia

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Gastroschisis is a birth defect involving herniation of intestines outside the abdomen. This presentation covers clinical features, epidemiological aspects like prevalence rates and risk factors, along with insights into its etiology. Learn to differentiate gastroschisis from omphalocele, recognize

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This prospective study examined the clinical outcomes in patients undergoing microsurgery for lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The study evaluated the effectiveness of surgical intervention using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) questionnaires preoperativ

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Intervertebral discs are crucial gel-like cushions between vertebrae that absorb shock and allow spinal flexibility. Disc prolapse, wear and tear, and spondylosis are common issues, with types like focal and broad-based herniation explained. The axial localization of herniated discs and imaging meth

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Oculomotor system disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting the intricate network involving the oculomotor nerve and associated structures. From nuclear IIIrd nerve palsies to fascicular syndromes and uncal herniation syndrome, various pathologies can disrupt eye movement control and pupil

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Detailed instructions and images depicting the methodology for performing closed and semi-closed castrations in animals under general anesthesia. The closed technique involves incising the scrotum and ligating the spermatic cord, while the semi-closed method involves extruding the testicle and ligat

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